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NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1883 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11648)

Netherlands East Indies. 1883. Registered Netherlands East Indies postal stationery envelope 20c blue upgraded with SG31, 5c green and SG 32, 10c orange-brown tied by numeral '10' hand-stamp with Djokjakarta date stamp '24th Aug' , hand-struck 'R' , addressed to Holland with Semerang and Wetevreden transits with 'Ned. Indies/ over/ Brindisi' hand-stamp and Haarlem arrival on reverse '7th Oct' . Very attractive item of registered mail.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1892 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11647)

Netherlands East Indies. (Postage Due Mail). 1892. Red Band Envelope written from Tandjong Pridk addressed to Batavia with hand-struck 'Tandjong Pridl' and bearing Netherlands East Indies postage due SG D106, 20c rose and black tied by Batavia numeral '4' on arrival. Very attractive cover.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1889 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11646)

Netherlands East Indies. (Postage Due Mail). 1889. Envelope addressed to Kebohmon canceled by Karanganjer double ring '30th May 89' bearing Netherlands East Indies SG 32, 10c orange-brown tied by '96' numeral with framed 'Ontoereikend' (Insufficient) and bearing postage due SG D104, 10c rose and black (2) tied by '107' numeral obliterator with arrival on reverse. Very attractive cover.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1889 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11645)

Netherlands East Indies. (Postage Due Mail). 1889. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery envelope 10c brown cancelled by numeral '4' with Batavia date stamp '7th Jan 1889' addressed to Cheribon, underpaid with boxed 'Ontoereikend' (Insufficient) and bearing Netherlands East Indies postage due SG D106, 20c rose and black tied by Cheribon numeral '6' on arrival with receiver '9/1' on reverse. Very nice item of underpaid Netherlands East Indies stationery.

£245.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1900 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11644)

Netherlands East Indies. (Postage Due Mail). 1900. Envelope addressed to Sragen bearing SG 91, 5c blue tied by Soerakarta squared circle '24th April 1900' , underpaid with Netherlands East Indies postage due SG D104, 10c rose and black tied by Sragen straight-line hand-stamp in blue with framed 'Ontoereikend' (Insufficient) on face. Very scarce and attractive item of underpaid mail.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1907 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11643)

Netherlands East Indies. 1907. Registered Netherlands East Indies postal stationery envelope 20c on 20c yellow-green cancelled by 'Kedoeng Djatti' hand-stamp with matching registration label addressed to Palenbang with Semarang '12/9' Weltevreden and Palembang arrival '25th Sept' on reverse. Superb item of registered mail very attractive.

£175.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1906 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11642)

Netherlands East Indies. 1906. Registered Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 5c rose upgraded with SG 128, 10c slate tied by 'Kalibarde' hand-stamp with matching registered label addressed to London with receiver on reverse '9th July 06' . A very beautiful item of registered postal stationery from the East Indes. Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1896 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11641)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1896. Netherlands postal stationery envelope 15c bistre cancelled by 'N.I. Agent Singapore' Squared circle '15th Mar 1896' addressed to Holland with Dordrecht arrival on reverse. Scarce Singapore Dutch maritime postmark on postal stationery.

£150.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1901 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11640)

Netherlands East Indies. (Penang). 1901. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 5 cents blue cancelled by 'N1. Postagent Penang' squared circle '21/9' addressed to Batavia with Singapore transit and Weltevreden arrival. Very fine.

£95.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1898 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11639)

Netherlands East Indies. (Penang). 1898. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 7 1/2c carmine cancelled by 'N.I. Postagent Penang' squared circle '15/1' addressed to Holland with Haarlem arrival. Very fine.

£75.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1901 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11638)

Netherlands East Indies. (Penang). 1901. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 5 cents blue cancelled by Kota Radja squared circle '6/4' addressed to Czechoslovakia with 'N.I. Postagent Penang' and 'N.I. Agent Singapore' transits '11/4' sent by French paqubot with Ligne N Paq Fr No 7' double ring, Colombo 'Ap 12' and Bruno arrival. Very fine.

£95.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1913 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11637)

Netherlands East Indies. 1913. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery envelope 10c indigo upgraded with SG 123, 2 1/2c green cancelled by framed 'Pleredw' hand-stamp with adjacent 'Bestellena' hand-stamp addressed to Holland with Weltevreden transits '17th March 13' and Amsterdam receiver. Nice item.

£100.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1894 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11635)

Netherlands East Indies. (Argentina). 1894. Printed circular addressed to Buenos Ayres, Argentina SG 91, 5c ultramarine tied by Rembang squared circle '7th Aug' , endorsed 'Drukwerk' (Printed Matter), routed via France with Bordeaux/ Gironde transit '9th Sept' on reverse in blue. Very nice item paying circular rate to South America.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1901 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11634)

Netherlands East Indies. (Germany). 1901. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 5c blue upgraded with SG 89, 2 1/2c buff (pair) tied by Porrong hand-stamp in blue addressed to Germany with Soerabaja and Weltevereden transits '6/4' and Crefeld arrival on face '6th May 01' . Attractive item. Ex Bulterman.

£125.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1885 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11633)

Netherlands East Indies. (Postage Due Mail). Circa 1885. Envelope written from Laboean-Deli addressed to Medan bearing Netherlands East Indies SG 91, 5c blue (pair) tied by Belawan numeral with hand-struck 'Belawan' in blue and framed 'Ontoereikend' (Insufficient) and bearing postage due SG D106, 20c rose and black tied by Medan numeral on face. Attractive cover.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1900 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11632)

Netherlands East Indies. 1900. Registered postal stationery envelope 10 on 20c blue upgraded with SG 84, 2c yellow-brown tied by Ngawi squared circular '4th Sept 1900' with matching registration label, endorsed 'Drukwerk' (Printerd Matter), addressed to Soerabaja routed via Madioen with Soerabaja and by Seapost with arrival on reverse '6th Sept' . Very attractive item of registered stationery paying the 'two cent' printed matter rate (Drukwerk) + 10 cents for registration.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1893 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11631)

Netherlands East Indies. (France). 1893. Postal stationery envelope 10c brown upgraded with SG 90, 3c purple (strip of five) tied by numeral '52' obliterator with adjacent Malang date stamp '25th Mars 1893' , addressed to France routed via Soerabaja and Weltevreden '28/3' with French entry cachet and Seine arrival '28th Avril' on reverse. Very attractive franking.

£225.00
Sweden

1884 | Sweden (DR11630)

Sweden. (Netherlands East Indies - Postage Due Mail). 1884. Stampless envelope written from Majorna addressed to Soerabaja, Java, Netherlands East Indies cancelled by Majorna date stamp '22nd Dec 84' , underpaid, routed via Brindisi '26/12' and Semarang with 'T' hand-stamp and m/s '40' with Netherlands East Indies postage due SG D106, 20c rose and black (2) tied by numeral '3' hand-stamp with Soerabaja arrival '29th Jan 85' on reverse. Exhibition item, unique combination with Netherlands East Indies postage dues.

£2250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1907 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11629)

Netherlands East Indies. 1907. Envelope addressed to Semarang bearing SG 124, 3c orange cancelled by 'Taroetoeng' hand-stamp in blue addressed to Lombok with Sibago and Padang squared circle transits and Semarang arrival on reverse. Lovely item.

£125.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1882 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11628)

Netherlands East Indies. (Malaya). 1882. Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 7 1/2c brown cancelled by Oleh Leh date stamp in violet '3/12' addressed to Belgium routed via Penang with 'N.I. Exp. Kant. Penang' on face in violet with framed 'Ned. Indie/ Via Brindisi/ Britsche Pakket' , French entry cachet and Gent receiver. Very fine.

£95.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1888 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11627)

Netherlands East Indies. 1888. Envelope addressed to Amsterdam bearing Netherlands East Indies SG 32, 10c brown and SG 35, 20c blue tied by '2' in numeral with adjacent Samarang date stamp '31st Dec 88' endorsed 'Per English Mail via Brindisi' with hand-struck 'Ned. Indie/ Over/ Genua' erased and framed hand-stamp 'Ned Indie/ Via Brindisi' applied with Amsterdam receiver on reverse '18th Feb 89'. Attractive cover.

£195.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1893 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11626)

Netherlands East Indies. (Switzerland). 1893. Envelope addressed to Switzerland bearing Netherlands East Indies SG 33, 12 1/2c grey (pair) tied by Tebingtingi - Deli squared circle with framed 'Ned. Indie./Via Brindisi/ Brit. Pakkets' on face, entry cachet in red and Zurich arrival. Lovely item.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1901 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11625)

Netherlands Indies (Holland). 1901. Netherlands Indies postal stationery double reply card 7 1/2c carmine cancelled by Medan squared circle '11/3' addressed to Holland with 'N.I. Agent Penang' transit '12/3' and Graveland arrival '2nd Avril' with reply card attached and returned with Amsterdam - Nijmegen double ring '3rd Apr' and Penang '28/4' with Medan and Bindjen arrival '1st May' on face. Beautiful item.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1885 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11624)

Netherlands East Indies. (Egypt). 1885. Egypt postal stationery card 20m brown cancelled by Zagzig date stamp '2nd Nov' addressed to Deli, Sumatra with framed 'Missent In/ Indian Mail' , circular Sea Post Office '7th Nov' and 'Ned. Ind. Singapore' all on face. Scarce Missent mail.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1824 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11623)

Netherlands East Indies. 1824. Stamp-less envelope written from Magelang dated '15th Oct 1824' addressed to Amsterdam with oval 'Zeebrief/ Franco' in red on face and hand-struck 'Vlissinggen/ Zeebrief' on reverse, rated 12 stuivers. Lovely item.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1853 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11622)

Netherlands East Indies. 1853. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Holland written from Sourabaya dated '19th Nov 53' endorsed 'via Trieste' with Trieste' '9/1' , rated '6 1/4 sg' in blue m/s and charged '10' from the port to Rotterdam. Nice item.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1856 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11621)

Netherlands East Indies. (Via Triest). 1856. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Toeban' dated '12th July 1856' addressed to Holland cancelled by framed 'Toeban' endorsed 'Overland via Triest' with '480' in red crayon erased and charged '240' (double port) with Rotterdam arrival '31st Aug 56' on reverse. Superb item of Netherlands Indies mail routed via Triest.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1847 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11620)

Netherlands East Indies. (Forwarding Agent - Denmark). 1847. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '13th April 1847' addressed to 'London c/o Mrss Guiuke' endorsed 'Per Prinz Carl' with oval 'B. Sanier, Suermondt & Co/Batavia' on face in red , routed via Denmark with oval forwarding agent 'L. Saolholms, Enke & Schierbeck/ Elseneur' dated 15th Aout 1847' in blue/green and endorsed 'Received 20th Aug'. Remarkable double forwarding agent via Denmark, extraordinary routing from Batavia.

£1250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1838 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11619)

Netherlands East Indies. 1838. Stamp-less envelope written from Padange dated '9th March 1838' addressed to Utrecht, Holland cancelled by '60ct' hand-stamp applied in Batavia with oval 'Zeebrief/ Ongerfrankeerd' and oval Zeebrief/ 8th July' receiver on face in carmine, charged '60' in m/s. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11618)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Batavia, Java, charged '160' in m/s, endorsed 'via Marseille' with London/ Paid in red '24th June 1850' and rated '70 stuvers' on arrival in purple m/s. Nice item.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1832 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11617)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1832. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated 'December 22nd 1832' addressed to Amsterdam endorsed 'Per Elizabeth' charged '120 cents in m/s with oval 'Zeebrief/ Heilevoetsluis/ 22 Juin' in red with 'Na Posttijd' on reverse in red and Amsterdam receiver '24th Juin' . Lovely item paying the double port.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1876 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11616)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1876. Stamp-less envelope addressed to the Netherlands cancelled Ternate dated stamp. '5th Sept 76' with hand-struck 'Ned. Indie/ Stoomschepen/ Regtstreers' on face, rate '30' cents in m/s and Harlingen arrival '29 Nov 76' . Very fine rare item sent by direct mail.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
Malaya

1865 | Malaya (DR11615)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1865. Stamp-less envelope written from Singapore dated '18th Nov 1865' addressed to Batavia endorsed 'Per Batavia' with 'Batavia/ Msst.' Transit and Batavia arrival in red on reverse '22/11' and rated '25' in m/s. Very fine.

£250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1865 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11614)

Netherlands East Indies. 1865. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Holland cancelled by Amboina date stamp '31st Oct 1865' in red, rated '20' in m/s and Rotterdam arrival '4th Jan 66' on reverse. Lovely item.

£175.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1868 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11613)

Netherlands East Indies. 1868. Pre-stamp envelope written from Batavia dated '28th Nov 68' addressed to France cancelled by Batavia Franco '29/11' endoesed 'Per Messageris Imperials' with hand-stamp 'PD' in red and endorsed '2' (double rate) with octagonal 'Inde Neer P.F. Amb. Mars' French entry cachet and Liboune arrival. Lovely item with scarce Paid Destination hand-stamp on Netherlands East Indies mail.

£375.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1874 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11612)

Netherlands East Indies. 1874. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Utrecht cancelled by Amboina date stamp '9th Oct 74' , in black, rated '80' in m/s with framed 'Ned. - Indie./Via Brindisi/ Brit. Pakket. B' on face (large type with round corners) and Utrecht arrival 'Dec 6th' . Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£195.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1855 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11611)

Netherlands East Indies. (East Java). Circa 1855. stamp-less envelope written from East Java addressed to Le Haye, Holland cancelled 'Konin Kluck Instituut Van Genieurs/ Afdeeling/ Oost. Java' in black on face and endorsed 'Per Gouvements Packet' . Very attractive item, Superb.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1860 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11610)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1860. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '24th May' cancelled by Batavia/ Franco in blue '24/5' , endorsed 'via Marseille', rated '93' in m/s red crayon, routed via Singapore '1st June' with framed 'India Paid and London/ Paid receiver 'Jy 14 60' and charged '11d' tax. Very nice item.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
Malaya

1842 | Malaya (DR11609)

Malaya. (Singapore -Netherlands East Indies). 1842. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Batavia written from Singapore dated '9th February 1842' with oval 'Zeebrief/ Ongerfrankerd' in blue and rated '60' in m/s on arrival. Lovely item from Singapore to the Netherlands East Indies.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1840 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11608)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1840. Stamp-less envelope addressed yo Batavia dated 'Singapore 29th April' cancelled by oval 'Anjer/ Ingefrankeerd' in red with m/s '60 cts' on face. Lovely item.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1864 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11607)

Netherlands East Indies. 1864. Stamp-less Printed Circular written from Samarang dated '20th July 1864' cancelled by Samarang date stamp in red with framed 'Franco' on face Lovely quality.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1859 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11606)

Netherlands East Indies. (British Post Office In Egypt - Singapore Ship Letter). 1859. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Consulate General de Pays Bas (Alexandrie Egypte) with circular hand-stamp in blue on reverse dated '2nd Sept 1859' addressed to Batavia, Java cancelled by British Post Office 'Alexandria' in red 'Sept 17' routed via Singapore with framed 'Singapore/ Ship Letter/ 1859 Oct 1st/ Paid' in red on reverse and charged m/s '30' stuvers. Exceptional item.
Ex Bulterman.

£2250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11605)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '25th Feb 1850' addressed to New York endorsed 'overland' routed via London with hand-stamp '19 Cents' and charged '24' on face. Very fine item.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11604)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope written from New York dated 'Jul 9th 50' addressed to Batavia headed 'Overland Mail/ via Marseille; endorsed 'Per steamer Niagara' sent 'care of Messrs Fred Huth & Co, London' (forwarding agents) with 'New York/5' dispatch, routed via London/ Paid '24th Jy' , charged '2/7' in m/s and rated '160' on arrival. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£375.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1832 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11603)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1832. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '30th July 1832' addressed to Rotterdam endorsed 'Per Indian' charged '90' cents in m/s with 'Rotterdam' hand-stamp and struck 'ZEEBRIEF' in red on reverse and received '6th Jan 1833' . Lovely item paying 1 1/2 port.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1853 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11602)

Netherlands East Indies. (Via Triest). 1853. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Soerabaja' dated '11th August 1853' addressed to Holland endorsed 'Landmail' and 'Via Triest' with Triest transit '11/10' and m/s accountancy '6 1/4' in blue' on face and reverse, various 'Berlin/ Minden' , Minden/ Deutz and Leipzig to Magdeb on reverse and rated '50' with Rotterdam arrival '15th Oct on reverse. Nice item of Netherlands East Indies mail routed via Triest and Germany.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1865 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11600)

Netherlands East Indies. 1865. Stamp-less envelope written from Samarang dated '12th Dec 65' addressed to Holland cancelled by Samarang date stamp in red, endorsed 'via Marseille' rated '20' in m/s with Amsterdam arrival on reverse '29th Jan 66' . Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£150.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1874 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11599)

Netherlands East Indies. 1874. Stamp-less envelope written from Amboia dated '10th March 74' addressed to Holland cancelled by Ambonia date stam, endorsed 'per Landmail' with framed 'Ned-Indie/ Via Brindisi/ Brische Pakketb.' on face (large type), rated '20' in m/s with Utrecht arrival. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£195.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1866 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11598)

Netherlands East Indies. 1866. Stamp-less envelope written from Padang dated '25th April 66' addressed to Batavia cancelled by Padang date stamp in red with framed 'Franco' and Batavia arrival '29/4' on reverse. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£125.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1867 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11597)

Netherlands East Indies. 1867. Stamp-less envelope written from Bandjermasin dated '28th Dec 67' addressed to Holland cancelled by Ambonia date stamp in red endorsed 'via MArseille' , rated '20' in m/s with Utrecht arrival '27th Deb 68' on reverse. Very attractive item.
Ex Bulterman.

£150.00

Philatelic News & Information

...

French Colonies

6th Apr 2022

Its a real pleasure to add a magnificent selection of French Colonies from Africa, Asia, The Caribbean and Oceania. Very fine pre-stamp, British Post Office, Charged Mail, Advice of Receipt, Printed Matter and postage due mail. A lovely selection of censor mail, some with five or six censor cachets and labels, routed Trans-Africa, two Ocean or over the Atlantic with some unusual destinations.

A few items from the Dr. Edward Grabowski collection, this amazing sale sold in three parts by Spink. Also interesting Tahiti and New Caledonia from Tony Eastgate's life time work.

Over the next few months we hope to add many items to grace the finest collections.

Read More
...

China, French Indo China and Chinese Labour Force.

6th Apr 2022

A strong area of stock is our China from Imperial to WW2 with many fine censor covers and Air Transits. A good selection of the overseas Post Offices, Austrian, British, French, Japanese and Russian with offices in Manchuria. Many mixed combinations, I.P.O's .

Coming soon the John Marc Sitarek accumulation of China, French Post Office and Indo-China with magnificent French Detachment in the Boxer Campaign covers.

John Marc also had a fine selection of the Chinese Labour Force which are not often seen, he built this selection over thirty years. One of the darker aspects of World War One was the plight of 12,000 Chinese workers who were recruited by the British Army from the North of China in 1916 to serve on the battle front in France as labourers, trench diggers, munitions carriers, mine disarmers and corpse bearers under often inhumane conditions. A large number were also struck down by the devastating Spanish flue of 1918.

Read More