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NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1901 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11625)

Netherlands Indies (Holland). 1901. Netherlands Indies postal stationery double reply card 7 1/2c carmine cancelled by Medan squared circle '11/3' addressed to Holland with 'N.I. Agent Penang' transit '12/3' and Graveland arrival '2nd Avril' with reply card attached and returned with Amsterdam - Nijmegen double ring '3rd Apr' and Penang '28/4' with Medan and Bindjen arrival '1st May' on face. Beautiful item.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1885 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11624)

Netherlands East Indies. (Egypt). 1885. Egypt postal stationery card 20m brown cancelled by Zagzig date stamp '2nd Nov' addressed to Deli, Sumatra with framed 'Missent In/ Indian Mail' , circular Sea Post Office '7th Nov' and 'Ned. Ind. Singapore' all on face. Scarce Missent mail.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1824 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11623)

Netherlands East Indies. 1824. Stamp-less envelope written from Magelang dated '15th Oct 1824' addressed to Amsterdam with oval 'Zeebrief/ Franco' in red on face and hand-struck 'Vlissinggen/ Zeebrief' on reverse, rated 12 stuivers. Lovely item.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1853 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11622)

Netherlands East Indies. 1853. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Holland written from Sourabaya dated '19th Nov 53' endorsed 'via Trieste' with Trieste' '9/1' , rated '6 1/4 sg' in blue m/s and charged '10' from the port to Rotterdam. Nice item.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1856 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11621)

Netherlands East Indies. (Via Triest). 1856. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Toeban' dated '12th July 1856' addressed to Holland cancelled by framed 'Toeban' endorsed 'Overland via Triest' with '480' in red crayon erased and charged '240' (double port) with Rotterdam arrival '31st Aug 56' on reverse. Superb item of Netherlands Indies mail routed via Triest.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1847 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11620)

Netherlands East Indies. (Forwarding Agent - Denmark). 1847. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '13th April 1847' addressed to 'London c/o Mrss Guiuke' endorsed 'Per Prinz Carl' with oval 'B. Sanier, Suermondt & Co/Batavia' on face in red , routed via Denmark with oval forwarding agent 'L. Saolholms, Enke & Schierbeck/ Elseneur' dated 15th Aout 1847' in blue/green and endorsed 'Received 20th Aug'. Remarkable double forwarding agent via Denmark, extraordinary routing from Batavia.

£1250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1838 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11619)

Netherlands East Indies. 1838. Stamp-less envelope written from Padange dated '9th March 1838' addressed to Utrecht, Holland cancelled by '60ct' hand-stamp applied in Batavia with oval 'Zeebrief/ Ongerfrankeerd' and oval Zeebrief/ 8th July' receiver on face in carmine, charged '60' in m/s. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11618)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Batavia, Java, charged '160' in m/s, endorsed 'via Marseille' with London/ Paid in red '24th June 1850' and rated '70 stuvers' on arrival in purple m/s. Nice item.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1832 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11617)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1832. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated 'December 22nd 1832' addressed to Amsterdam endorsed 'Per Elizabeth' charged '120 cents in m/s with oval 'Zeebrief/ Heilevoetsluis/ 22 Juin' in red with 'Na Posttijd' on reverse in red and Amsterdam receiver '24th Juin' . Lovely item paying the double port.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1876 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11616)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1876. Stamp-less envelope addressed to the Netherlands cancelled Ternate dated stamp. '5th Sept 76' with hand-struck 'Ned. Indie/ Stoomschepen/ Regtstreers' on face, rate '30' cents in m/s and Harlingen arrival '29 Nov 76' . Very fine rare item sent by direct mail.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
Malaya

1865 | Malaya (DR11615)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1865. Stamp-less envelope written from Singapore dated '18th Nov 1865' addressed to Batavia endorsed 'Per Batavia' with 'Batavia/ Msst.' Transit and Batavia arrival in red on reverse '22/11' and rated '25' in m/s. Very fine.

£250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1865 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11614)

Netherlands East Indies. 1865. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Holland cancelled by Amboina date stamp '31st Oct 1865' in red, rated '20' in m/s and Rotterdam arrival '4th Jan 66' on reverse. Lovely item.

£175.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1868 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11613)

Netherlands East Indies. 1868. Pre-stamp envelope written from Batavia dated '28th Nov 68' addressed to France cancelled by Batavia Franco '29/11' endoesed 'Per Messageris Imperials' with hand-stamp 'PD' in red and endorsed '2' (double rate) with octagonal 'Inde Neer P.F. Amb. Mars' French entry cachet and Liboune arrival. Lovely item with scarce Paid Destination hand-stamp on Netherlands East Indies mail.

£375.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1874 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11612)

Netherlands East Indies. 1874. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Utrecht cancelled by Amboina date stamp '9th Oct 74' , in black, rated '80' in m/s with framed 'Ned. - Indie./Via Brindisi/ Brit. Pakket. B' on face (large type with round corners) and Utrecht arrival 'Dec 6th' . Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£195.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1855 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11611)

Netherlands East Indies. (East Java). Circa 1855. stamp-less envelope written from East Java addressed to Le Haye, Holland cancelled 'Konin Kluck Instituut Van Genieurs/ Afdeeling/ Oost. Java' in black on face and endorsed 'Per Gouvements Packet' . Very attractive item, Superb.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1860 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11610)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1860. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '24th May' cancelled by Batavia/ Franco in blue '24/5' , endorsed 'via Marseille', rated '93' in m/s red crayon, routed via Singapore '1st June' with framed 'India Paid and London/ Paid receiver 'Jy 14 60' and charged '11d' tax. Very nice item.
Ex Bulterman.

£550.00
Malaya

1842 | Malaya (DR11609)

Malaya. (Singapore -Netherlands East Indies). 1842. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Batavia written from Singapore dated '9th February 1842' with oval 'Zeebrief/ Ongerfrankerd' in blue and rated '60' in m/s on arrival. Lovely item from Singapore to the Netherlands East Indies.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1840 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11608)

Netherlands East Indies. (Singapore). 1840. Stamp-less envelope addressed yo Batavia dated 'Singapore 29th April' cancelled by oval 'Anjer/ Ingefrankeerd' in red with m/s '60 cts' on face. Lovely item.
Ex Bulterman.

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1864 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11607)

Netherlands East Indies. 1864. Stamp-less Printed Circular written from Samarang dated '20th July 1864' cancelled by Samarang date stamp in red with framed 'Franco' on face Lovely quality.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1859 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11606)

Netherlands East Indies. (British Post Office In Egypt - Singapore Ship Letter). 1859. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Consulate General de Pays Bas (Alexandrie Egypte) with circular hand-stamp in blue on reverse dated '2nd Sept 1859' addressed to Batavia, Java cancelled by British Post Office 'Alexandria' in red 'Sept 17' routed via Singapore with framed 'Singapore/ Ship Letter/ 1859 Oct 1st/ Paid' in red on reverse and charged m/s '30' stuvers. Exceptional item.
Ex Bulterman.

£2250.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11605)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '25th Feb 1850' addressed to New York endorsed 'overland' routed via London with hand-stamp '19 Cents' and charged '24' on face. Very fine item.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11604)

Netherlands East Indies. (United States). 1850. Stamp-less envelope written from New York dated 'Jul 9th 50' addressed to Batavia headed 'Overland Mail/ via Marseille; endorsed 'Per steamer Niagara' sent 'care of Messrs Fred Huth & Co, London' (forwarding agents) with 'New York/5' dispatch, routed via London/ Paid '24th Jy' , charged '2/7' in m/s and rated '160' on arrival. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£375.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1832 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11603)

Netherlands East Indies. (Zee Post). 1832. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia dated '30th July 1832' addressed to Rotterdam endorsed 'Per Indian' charged '90' cents in m/s with 'Rotterdam' hand-stamp and struck 'ZEEBRIEF' in red on reverse and received '6th Jan 1833' . Lovely item paying 1 1/2 port.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1853 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11602)

Netherlands East Indies. (Via Triest). 1853. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Soerabaja' dated '11th August 1853' addressed to Holland endorsed 'Landmail' and 'Via Triest' with Triest transit '11/10' and m/s accountancy '6 1/4' in blue' on face and reverse, various 'Berlin/ Minden' , Minden/ Deutz and Leipzig to Magdeb on reverse and rated '50' with Rotterdam arrival '15th Oct on reverse. Nice item of Netherlands East Indies mail routed via Triest and Germany.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1865 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11600)

Netherlands East Indies. 1865. Stamp-less envelope written from Samarang dated '12th Dec 65' addressed to Holland cancelled by Samarang date stamp in red, endorsed 'via Marseille' rated '20' in m/s with Amsterdam arrival on reverse '29th Jan 66' . Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£150.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1874 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11599)

Netherlands East Indies. 1874. Stamp-less envelope written from Amboia dated '10th March 74' addressed to Holland cancelled by Ambonia date stam, endorsed 'per Landmail' with framed 'Ned-Indie/ Via Brindisi/ Brische Pakketb.' on face (large type), rated '20' in m/s with Utrecht arrival. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£195.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1866 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11598)

Netherlands East Indies. 1866. Stamp-less envelope written from Padang dated '25th April 66' addressed to Batavia cancelled by Padang date stamp in red with framed 'Franco' and Batavia arrival '29/4' on reverse. Very fine.
Ex Bulterman.

£125.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1867 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11597)

Netherlands East Indies. 1867. Stamp-less envelope written from Bandjermasin dated '28th Dec 67' addressed to Holland cancelled by Ambonia date stamp in red endorsed 'via MArseille' , rated '20' in m/s with Utrecht arrival '27th Deb 68' on reverse. Very attractive item.
Ex Bulterman.

£150.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1854 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11596)

Netherlands East Indies. 1854. Stamp-less envelope written from Fort Willem dated '22nd Sept 54' addressed to Samrang cancelled by oval Franco/ Fort Willem 1 Ambarawa' in dark blue on face, endorsed 'Franco', rated '10' in m/s. Very fine item of internal mail written from Ambarawa Island.

Ex Paul Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1860 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11593)

Netherlands East Indies. 1860. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Rotterdam cancelled by oval 'Kedirie/ Onefrankeerd' in blue/green, endorsed 'via Marseilles' and rated '180' in m/s on arrival. Nice item paying the double letter rate.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1864 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11592)

Netherlands East Indies. (Printed Circular). 1864. Printed circular written from Padang dated '1st January 1864' addressed to Rotterdam cancelled by Batavia/Franco '15/1' rated '10' in m/s endorsed 'via Marseille' with Rotterdam arrival and framed '1 1/2 C. / Rotterdam' accountancy applied on face. Very nice item of Printed Circular mail from Padang.
Ex Bulterman.

£950.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1869 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11591)

Netherlands East Indies. (Germany). 1869. Stamp-less envelope written from Wandsbeck dated '14th July 69' addressed to Samarang, Java endorsed 'Per Landmail via Marseille' with 'Tour/Erquelines/ 2' French entry cachet in blue and Marseille transit with hand-struck accountancy 'T T 41' on face (Van der Linden 2856) with Samarang arrival in red on reverse '26th Aout' and rated '220' in m/s. Very rare accountancy from Hamburg unique to the Netherlands Indies paying the double rate.
Ex Bulterman.

£950.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1820 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11590)

Netherlands East Indies. (Sea Post). 1820. Stamp-less envelope written from Leyden dated '26th Sept 1820', addressed to Batavia, Java cancelled by Leyde hand-stamp in orange, endorsed '15 Postgeld' on face in m/s and received '23rd June 1821'. Very attractive item.
Ex Bulterman.

£350.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1855 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11589)

Netherlands East Indies. Circa 1845. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Batavia cancelled by oval 'Anjer/ Zeebrief/ Onefrankeerd' on face, rated '60' in m/s. Very fine.

Mr Wolf De Beer notes the Anjer Sea Post oval in black from 1842 - 1845

£275.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1845 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11587)

Netherlands East Indies. 1845. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Soerabaya cancelled by oval 'Indramayo/ Franco' endorsed 'franco 90cents' on face. Nice item sent overland.
Ex Bulterman.

£225.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1866 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11586)

Netherlands Indies. 1866. Stamp-less envelope written from Samarang dated '23rd Nov 66' addressed to Pekalongan cancelled by Samarang date stamp in red with Pekalongan receiver '26/11' n reverse, rated '10' in m/s. Lovely quality.
Ex Bulterman.

£150.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1849 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11585)

Netherlands Indies. (United States). 1849. Stamp-less envelope written from Boston dated 'Nov 26 1849' addressed to Batavia endorsed 'Per overland Mail/ via Marseille' , sent 'care of Messrs Brown Shipley & Co, Liverpool' (forwarding agents) on the steamer "America", charged with hand-struck '5' with 'America/ Liverpool' and Liverpool/Paid in red 'Dec 13' and London 'Dec 14' , m/s '2/2' and rated '160' in m/s on arrival. Superb item full of character.
Ex Bulterman.

£450.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1850 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11584)

Netherlands Indies. (Forwarding Agents). 1850. Stamp-less envelope written from Batavia Roads dated '23rd July 1850' addressed to Whitehaven, England endorsed 'Via Marseilles for Overland' with oval 'Forwarded by/ Martin Dyce & Co/ Batavia' on reverse in green, routed via Singapore with framed 'Singapore/ Bearing' and oval 'Forwarded by/ Martin Dyce/ Singapore' in red on reverse with London transit and Whitehayen receiver '23rd Sept' in blue on reverse and rated '1/12' in m/s. Double forwarding cover very scarce.
Ex Bulterman.

£950.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1838 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11582)

Netherlands Indies. 1838. stamp-less envelope addressed to Samarang written from Batavia dated '17th October 1838' with oval 'Batavia/ Ongerfrankeed' in blue and rated '90 ct' on arrival. Lovely quality.

Ex Bulterman.

£95.00
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES

1842 | NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES (DR11581)

Netherlands Indies. (Forwarding Agent - Batavia- Netherlands). 1842. Stamp-less envelope written from Samarang date '15th July 1842' addressed to France routed via Batavia with oval 'Achiminee Par/ Lagnier & Co/ Batavia' on face in red, endorsed 'Per Javan' , rated '60' in m/s and hand-stamp 'L.P.B.4.R.' (Lettre Pays Bas 4th Rayon) with oval 'Zee Brief/Den Helder/ 22nd Nov' in red and hand-struck 'Na Posttijd' with Rotterdam arrival '23/11' and endorsed 'Achiminee C.S. Martin & Co, Rotterdam-Bordeaux Charge. Very scarce double forwarding agent via Batavia and Holland.
Ex Bulterman.

£750.00
China

1899 | China (DR11580)

French Indo-China. (Germany). 1899. Book post addressed to Thai-Binh, Tonkin bearing Germany Yvert 46, 5pf green tied by Luppy date stamp '1th Nov 01' endorsed 'Imprime' with Haiphong/ Tonkin arrival on reverse '20th Dec.' A wonderful example of book Post mail the whole book being enclosed in a wrapper for forwarding by Post. A wonderful destination and Exhibition item, rarely offered.

£750.00
China

1873 | China (DR11579)

China. (French Post Offices In Shanghai). 1873. Envelope written from 'Lacroix Cousins & Co, Shanghai' addressed to France bearing French Ceres Yvert 54, 10c brown/rose (pair) and Yvert 57, 80c rose tied by gros chiffres '5104' with adjacent 'Shang-Hai/Chine' double ring '27/11' , sent on the steamer 'Sindh' via Marseille with Lyon '8/1/74' arrival on reverse. Very fine.

£600.00
China

1905 | China (DR11578)

China. (Indo-Chinese Post Offices In Canton). 1905. Envelope addressed to Paris bearing French China SG 15, 1c black/azure (block of 4) and SG 23, 30c cinnamon (pair) tied by Canton double ring with Paris arrival on reverse. Superb quality.

£225.00
China

1904 | China (DR11577)

China. (Indo-Chinese Post Office In Canton). 1904. Registered envelope addressed to Paris bearing Canton SG 23, 20c red/green (block of four) tied by Canton double ring with framed hand-struck 'R' and Paris arrival on reverse. Scarce stamps on cover.

£225.00
China

1907 | China (DR11576)

China. (Yunnan). Registered envelope addressed to Paris bearing Indo-China SG 33, 5c green mixed with French China SG 17, 4c purple/brown (pair), SG 20, 20c red/green and SG 32, 5c green mixed with Mengtze SG 18, 2c claret and SG 21, 10c red tied by 'Mong-Tseu-Chine' double ring '29/7' with hand-struck 'R' routed via Lao-Kay '3/8' and Haiphong '5/8' , sent on French paquebot with octagonal 'Yokohama a Marseille L. N.' date stamp '10/8' and Paris receiver '4/9' Nice franking paying the 50c single registered rate.

£350.00
China

1891 | China (DR11575)

China. (French China). 1891. French General Colonies postal stationery envelope 15c blue upgraded with French General Colonies Yvert 49, 5c green (pair) tied by Yen-Bay/ Tonkin double ring '8th Juin 91' addressed to France with Ha-Noi transit '11/6' and Paris arrival. Lovely use of French General Colonies stationery in French China.

£450.00
China

1898 | China (DR11573)

China. (French Indo-China). 1898. Registered and Advice of Receipt French Indo-China postal stationery envelope 25c black/rose upgraded with French Indo-China SG 10, 10c black/lilac and SG 13, 25c black/rose tied by Hai-Phong/Tonkin double ring '16th Avril' addressed to Russia with framed 'A.R.' on face (Advice of Receipt) and boxed 'R' hand-stamp, sent on French paquebot via Colombo with octagonal 'Ligne T Paq. Fr. No 6' date stamp '5th Mai' (Salles 2142) of the steamer "Arm. Behic" and Moscow receiver on reverse. Very scarce destination for Indo-China mail sent Advice of receipt.

£750.00
China

1868 | China (DR11572)

French Indo-China. (Reunion). 1868. Envelope addressed to Saigon, Cochin-China bearing French General Colonies Yvert 3, 10c bistre and SG 5, 40c Vermilion tied by dotted lozenge with adjacent 'Reunion/ St. Denis' date stamp '18th Sept 68' , routed via Aden with boxed 'PD' and Cochinchine/ Saigon arrival '21st Oct' on reverse. Very nice origin and early incoming mail to French China.

£750.00
China

1906 | China (DR11571)

China. (French China). 1906. Military envelope headed 'Corps D'Occupation/de Chine' addressed to France bearing France 'F.M.' Yvert 1, 15c orange tied by Pekin/Corresces Aux Armees date stamp with octagonal 'Ligne N Paq. Fr. No 6' on reverse and Lucon arrival. Very Scarce usage.

£550.00
China

1905 | China (DR11569)

China. (French China). 1905. Registered picture post card of 'The Bund, Hankow' addressed to France bearing French China Yvert 9, 30c brown and Yvert 23, 5c yellow/green tied by Han- Keou-Chine Poste Francaise' double ring with boxed hand-struck 'R' and Mortagne arrival. Nice item of registered mail.

£350.00

Philatelic News & Information

...

French Colonies

6th Apr 2022

Its a real pleasure to add a magnificent selection of French Colonies from Africa, Asia, The Caribbean and Oceania. Very fine pre-stamp, British Post Office, Charged Mail, Advice of Receipt, Printed Matter and postage due mail. A lovely selection of censor mail, some with five or six censor cachets and labels, routed Trans-Africa, two Ocean or over the Atlantic with some unusual destinations.

A few items from the Dr. Edward Grabowski collection, this amazing sale sold in three parts by Spink. Also interesting Tahiti and New Caledonia from Tony Eastgate's life time work.

Over the next few months we hope to add many items to grace the finest collections.

Read More
...

China, French Indo China and Chinese Labour Force.

6th Apr 2022

A strong area of stock is our China from Imperial to WW2 with many fine censor covers and Air Transits. A good selection of the overseas Post Offices, Austrian, British, French, Japanese and Russian with offices in Manchuria. Many mixed combinations, I.P.O's .

Coming soon the John Marc Sitarek accumulation of China, French Post Office and Indo-China with magnificent French Detachment in the Boxer Campaign covers.

John Marc also had a fine selection of the Chinese Labour Force which are not often seen, he built this selection over thirty years. One of the darker aspects of World War One was the plight of 12,000 Chinese workers who were recruited by the British Army from the North of China in 1916 to serve on the battle front in France as labourers, trench diggers, munitions carriers, mine disarmers and corpse bearers under often inhumane conditions. A large number were also struck down by the devastating Spanish flue of 1918.

Read More