French Colonies. (French Libre - Nigeria). 1942. Air Mail envelope written from France bearing 5f brown tied by Saint Amand date stamp addressed to the 'Administrator of Colonies, Libreville, Gabon' routed via Senegal with 'Control Postal' censor label tied by oval 'Ouvert/ Par/ L' Autorite Militaire' with Cotonou/ Dahomey '13 Juin' and 'Nigeria/ Opened by' censor label tied by framed 'Passed by Censor/ Nigeria/ 12' cachet and triangular 'L/4' with Libreville/ Gabon arrival '4/8', forwarded to A.E.F. with circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission C/ Afrique Equatoriale Francaise' and hand-stamp 'A/5' censor cachet with Brazzaville/ Moyen Congo '14th Aout' and Afrique Francaise Libre' censor label applied, re-directed to Beyrouth with 'Free French' arrival 'Poste Aux Armees/B.C.M. 4/ F.F.L.' dated '18th Oct' and Syria 'Poste Aux Armees/ F.F.L. 1' arrival '21/10' on reverse and circular Free French in violet on face. Great item, censored multiple times (13).
French Colonies. (French Equatoriale Afrique). 1943. Air Mail envelope addressed to Tangier, Morocco bearing A.E.F. Yvert 143, 25c green (2) and Yvert 153, 10f brown tied by Pointe Noire double ring '18th Dec 43' with censor tape tied by oval 'Ouvert/ Par/ L'Autorite Militaire' and circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission B/ Afrique Equatoriale Francaise', endorsed 'By Avion/ Jusque a Casablanca' with circular 'B/1' and framed 'Censura/ Gubernativa/ Tanger' in red on face with Tanger arrival.
French Colonies. (French Equatorial Afrique). 1940. Air Mail envelope addressed to Paris bearing A.E.F. Yvert 36, 5c green, Yvert 43, 40c carmine and Yvert 46, 55c violet tied by Moundou/ A.E.F. double ring '1st Dec 40' with circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission A/ Afrique Equatoriale Francaise', routed via Brazzaville/ Moyen Congo '30th Dec 40' with Controle' censor label tied by oval 'Ouvert Par/ L'Autorite Militaire/ WK 3' on face and reverse with hand-stamp instructional 'Retour a L'Envoyeur/ Relations Postales/ Interrompues' in violet on face and returned via Brazzaville '16th Dec 41' and Fort Archambault '5th Jan 42' and aarival back in Moundou '19th Jan 42' on reverse.
French Colonies. (French Guyane). 1948. Air Mail envelope addressed to Martinique bearing French Guyane Yvert 120, 50c blue and grey, Yvert 129,3f brown and lilac and Yvert 130,5f violet and pale green tied by Cayenne/Guyane Francais date stamp with censor tape and oval 'Ouvert Par/L'Autorite Militaire', routed via Trinidad with 'Opened by Examiner/I.E.8007' label and double ring 'Ouvert Censure/6/Martinique' applied on arrival with Fort De France receiver.
Egypt. (French Congo).1942. Prisoner of War envelope headed 'Kriegsgefangenpost' dated '30th Mars 1942'' with boxed 'Oflag V111 G/ 7/ Gepruit' in violet on face addressed to the 'Mdm Schlumberger, Delegation la France Libre, Beyrouth, Lebanon' endorsed 'Nach Turkei' with Egyptian Censorship' label tied by circular Egypt censor and boxed Egypt' Postal Censor' with Beyrouth arrival '29th April' and 'Controle' censor tied by Free-French/Libre censor cachet, endorsed 'Destinataire' in red crayon and forwarded to Brazzaville, French Congo, routed via Leopoldville/Congo Belge '29th Aout' with circular 'Controle Postal/Commission B/Afrique Equatoriale Francaise' and Brazzaville /Moyen Congo receiver dated '31st Aout'. Lovely item of censor mail.
French Colonies. (A.E.F./Nigeria). 1940. Air Mail envelope addressed to London bearing Afrique Equatoriale Francaise Yvert 45,50c brown (2) and Yvert 59,3f indigo tied by Fort Lamy/A.E.F. double ring '3rd Dec 40' with circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission G/Afrique Equatoriale Francaise' and tape tied by oval 'Ouvert/Par/L'Auutorite Militaire' with hand-stuck 'G/2' routed vi Lagos '14th Dec' with framed 'Passed by Censor/12/Nigeria' in red on face.Attractive item of censored mail.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1940. Envelope addressed to France bearing Oceania Yvert 92, 25c blue-grey (4)tied by Ile Takaroa/Tamotu date stamp with circular 'Controle Postal/ Etablissments/ Francais/ De L'Oceanie' on face and arrival on reverse. Very fine item from this small atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago.
British Occupation of Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1941. Air Mail envelope headed 'On Active Service' with letter 'Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Eritrea) dated '16th August 1941' addressed to 'Mrs Eve Setton, Grand Hotel, Khartoum/ or c/o Col. Kendrick, O.E.T.A. Khartoum War Office' with circular 'Passed By/ O.E.T.A./ 1/ Censor/ Passato Per Censura' in violet on face and signed by Capt Maxwell,
Very fine item written by Capt Maxwell Setton (who after the war produced more than 15 hit Hollywood films) to his wife in Sudan with interesting text. Captain Maxwell was the Chief Censor to the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Asmara, Eritrea and also in Cyrenaica.
British Occupation of Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1944. Air Mail envelope addressed to Alexandria bearing Middle East Forces SG M11, 1d pale scarlet, SG M13, 2 1/2d pale ultramarine and SG M18, 1s bistre tied by Asmara Centro double ring '24th Nov' with PC 90/ Opened by Examiner/ ZZ/ 37881' label with framed 'By Air Mail' with triangular '4' and '6' censor with circular 'Censorship Dept' applied on arrival.
Nice item addressed to the wife of Capt Maxwell Setton (who after the war produced more than 15 hit Hollywood films). Major Maxwell was Chief Censor to the Occupied Territory Administration in Asmara, Eritrea and also in Cyrenaica.
British Occupation of Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1944. Stamp-less envelope headed 'Governo Delle Eritrea/Il Segretarto Generale' written from Asmara endorsed 'In the Office/ 10th Aug (44) addressed to 'Mrs Maxwell Setton, Sarwat Pasha, Ramleh, Alexandria' cancelled by 'Crown/ Passed By Censor/ No 5215' in violet.
Nice item with text written from Capt Maxwell Setton (who after the war produced more than 15 hit Hollywood films) to his wife in Egypt. Major Maxwell was Chief Censor to the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Asmara, Eritrea and also in Cyrenaica.
British Occupation of Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1941. Air Mail envelope headed 'On Active Service' written by 'Capt Maxwell Setton, Legal Department, O.E.T.A. Asmara, Eritrea' dated 'June 12th 1941' addressed to 'Mademoiselle Evelyne Husseuet, Heliopolis, Egypt', endorsed 'By Air' with Egypt/ Postage/ Prepaid' and framed 'R.A.F./ Censor/ 39' hand-stamp in carmine with Cairo arrival.
Lovely item with interesting text written by Capt. Maxwell Setton (who after the war produced more than 15 hit Hollywood films) too his future wife in Egypt. Capt Maxwell was Chief Censor to the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Asmara, Eritrea and also in Cyrenaica.
This envelope was carried by the R.A.F. from Asmara to Egypt.
British Occupation of Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1945. Air Mail envelope addressed to Alexandria bearing Middle East Forces SG M11, 1d pale scarlet, SG M13, 2 1/2d light ultramarine and SG M18, 1s bistre tied by Asmara Centro double ring '5th Feb 45' with circular 'O' censor (variety with missing bars to right, John Little Type V1B), boxed 'By Air Mail' and triangular '6' with 'Censorship Dept' arrival in Egypt.
Nice item written to the wife of Capt. Maxwell Setton (who after the war produced more than 15 hit Hollywood films). Major Maxwell was Chief Censor to the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration in Asmara, Eritrea and also in Cyrenaica.
Haiti. (British Ship Letters). 1832. Stamp-less envelope written from Cap Haytian dated '1st Sept 1832' addressed to London, endorsed 'Per Coronation/ Capt. Kerr', routed via Penzance with framed 'Penzance/ Ship Letter' in black on reverse (Robertson S4) with London arrival '26th Nov 1832' and rated '5s' in m/s and charged '12/8' on face. A very large amount to pay. Lovely item.
French Levant. (Turkey). 1903. Envelope addressed to France bearing French Levant Yvert 17, 1p on 25c blue tied by Samsoun/ Turquie double ring '28th Mai 03', routed via Constantinople '31/5' with Doma arrival. Very fine.
French Levant. 1909. Envelope addressed to France bearing Yvert 14, 10c rose tied by 'Corr. D' Armees Smyrne Fr.' double ring (Pothion Type B) with Paris arrival. A scarce military cancel from Smyrne.
French Levant. (French Post Office In Greece). 1909. Picture post card of 'Salonique General view' addressed to France bearing Levant 'Type Blanc' Yvert 13,5c green tied by 'Corr. D'Armees Salonique Fr. 'Double ring (Pothion Type B). A scarce military cancel from Salonique.
French Levant. (Ile Rouad).1916. Stamp-less envelope addressed to 'Armee D' Orient, Secteur 502 via Marseille' cancelled Ile Rouad/Posters Francaise date stamp '15th Oct 16' with circular 'Ile Rouad/Le Gouverneur' and 'Marine Francaise/Service a la Mer' cachet in violet on face, routed via French Post Office Port Said '20/10' on reverse. Lovely item from the French Occupation of Isle Rouad.
French Colonies. (Senegal).1916. Stamp-less envelope headed 'Correspondence Militaire' written from the French Navy ship 'Margaret Elizabeth /Dakar' addressed to France cancelled 'Patouilles de l' A.O.F./ ''Margaret Elizabeth/Dakar' in violet with 'Marine Francaise/Service a la Mer' cachet and Cote de Nord arrival on reverse. Very fine.
French Colonies. (French Maroc).1944. Envelope addressed to Meknes bearing Yvert 167, 10c lilac tied by Casablanca Postes/Maroc date stamp, underpaid with m/s 'T/2f80' in crayon and bearing 'Tour Hassan' 10c lilac(3), 50c green and 2f green with tax hand-stamp. Nice usage of stamps utilized as postage due. Scarce commercial mail.
Morocco. (French Occupation). 1913. Stamp-less envelope headed 'Troupes D'Occupation Maroc Occidental' addressed to Paris cancelled by Fez-Mellah/Maroc double ring with military cachet 'Troupes D D'Occupation du Maroc Occidental/4th Tirailleurs Algeriens/Le Commandant/ 6th Bataillon' in violet and hand-struck 'Le Chef de Bataillon Fellert' and signed by the Commander. Very fine Occupation item from the Jewish Quarter in Fez.
French Colonies. (Somali Coast). 1949. Receipt for registered and value declared mail 'No 726' addressed to Paris bearing Cote Des Somali postage dues Yvert 49, 3f brown, Yvert 52, 10f olive and French General Colonies 'a Percevoir' Yvert 30, 50c olive /green tied by 'Cote Des Somalis/Djibouti' double ring in blue. A scarce item of postage due mail.
Somali Coast. (Madagascar). 1943. Air Mail envelope addressed to Madagascar bearing Cote des Somalis Yvert 95, 50c lilac and brown and Yvert 163, 1f50 green (3) tied by Djibouti date stamp '6th Jan 43' with circular 'Controle/Postal/Cote Francaise Des Somalis' censor cachet on face with Tananarive arrival '2/2' with boxed British Madagascar censor 'Passed By/Censor/252-1' in violet on reverse and forwarded to Marovoay with arrival '12th Feb 43' on reverse. Very fine.
French Colonies. (Soudan Francaise). 1900. Stamp-less envelope endorsed 'Corps D' Occupation du Soudan/Correspondence Militaire' addressed to Tombouctou cancelled by Bandingara/Soudan Francaise double ring '22nd Mars 00' with circular 'Corps Expeditionnaire du Soudan Francais' with Tombouctou arrival '24/3' and forwarded to France with Brest receiver '28th Avril' on reverse. Scarce cancel from the French Occupation of Sudan.
French Colonies. (Guyane). 1904. Picture post card of 'Le Camp des Relegues apres l'apple, St Jean-du-Maroni' addressed to Tunis, North Africa bearing Guyane Yvert 33,5c green (pair) tied by Guyane/St Laurent du Moroni double ring '22nd Mars' with Tunis/Regence de Tunis receiver '27/4' on face. Nice item of destination mail.
French Colonies. (Guyane). 1903. Picture post card of 'The Church, Rue Francois Arago, Cayenne' addressed to Tunis, North Africa bearing Guyane Yvert 34,10c black/lilac tied by Guyane/St Laurent du Moroni double ring '12th Dec' with Tunis/Regence de Tunis receiver '6th Jan 04' on face. Nice item of destination mail.
French Colonies. (Guyane). 1903. Picture post card of 'Place des Palmiers, Cayenne' addressed to Tunis, North Africa bearing Guyane Yvert 44,10c red tied by Guyane/St Laurent du Moroni double ring '12th Dec' endorsed 'via Paris' with Tunis/Regence de Tunis receiver '6th Jan 04' on face. Nice item of destination mail.
French Colonies. (Guadeloupe). 1884. Postal stationary formula card addressed to Paris bearing French General Colonies Yvert 50, 10c black/lilac tied by 'Basse-Terre/Guadeloupe' double ring with Paris/Etranger receiver in blue. Very fine.
French Colonies. (Guadeloupe). 1868. Envelope addressed to Basse-Terre bearing French General Colonies Yvert 3, 10c bistre (imperf pair) tied by dotted lozenge with Pointe-a-Pitre/Guadeloupe date stamp and boxed 'PP' in red. Nice item of early domestic mail.
French Colonies. (Senegal - Brazil). 1889. Envelope written from the French Navy Frigate "La Sane" endorsed 'A bord "la Sane"/ Rade a Rio de Janeiro' dated '26th October 1889' addressed to France bearing French Type "Sage" Yvert 90, 15c blue tied by 'Corr. D. Arm Lig. J. Paq. F No 3' date stamp '28th October' in blue with oval 'Division Navale Francaise/ Croiseur Le "Sane"/ De Atlantique' in violet on face, routed via Dakar (Senegal) with Tarn arrival on reverse '15th Nov'. Super item with 6 page text and map with location of the French Navy Ships in Rio Bay.
French Colonies. (French Congo). 1918. Picture post card of 'Sanghos Tribe fishing in canoe, Bangui' addressed to France bearing French Congo Yvert 51, 5c green/ blue tied by A.E.F. Agence/ S. Ple/ Kouki' double ring with circular 'Oubangu-Baria/ Oubangu Chari Tchad' in blue. Scarce item of mail from the Congo.
French Colonies. (Algeria). 1884. Postal stationery Formula card addressed to Paris bearing France 'Type Sage' Yvert 89, 10c black/ lilac tied by Alger-Mustapha/ Alger double ring with Paris receiver on face. Very fine.
French Colonies. (New Caledonia). 1900. Unstamped envelope to the '12th Regiment de Infantry of the Marines, Noumea' with 'T' hand-stamp and bearing New Caledonia postage dues Yvert 7,5 on 4c brown (2) tied by Nelle Caledonie/Noumea double ring. Very fine.
French Colonies. (Madagascar). 1940. Stamp-less envelope written from 'Le Lieutenant de Vaisseau L' Huilier/ Commandant ia Defense Maritime Cov Est' on reverse, headed 'F.M.' addressed to Tananarive cancelled by 'Tamatave-Tananarive No 1' ambulant (railway) date stamp with 'Marine Tamatave' circular hand-stamp in violet on face and reverse. Very fine.
French Colonies. (Madagascar). 1907. Registered envelop with text headed 'Madagascar et Dependances/Province de Farafangna/Le Chef du District de Vangaindrano' date '1st October 1907' addressed to Paris bearing Madagascar Yvert 16, 30c yellow brown and Yvert 42a, 5c yellow green tied by 61/Madagascar double ring '11th Oct' with framed hand-struck 'R' in blue routed via Farafangna '13th Oct' and Tamatavia '31st Oct' with transits on reverse. Lovely item of registered mail from Vangaindrano.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1944. Envelope addressed to Algeria, North Africa bearing Oceania Yvert 99, 50c violet and Yvert 161, 1f lilac tied by Uturoa/lle Raiatea date stamp '2nd May 44' with Controle Postal Militaire' censor label tied by circular 'Controle Postal / Etablissments/Francais/ De L'Oceania' on face routed via Papeete '8/5 and New York with 'Opened by Examiner/ 61406' label. Scarce item of destination mail from this small Society Island.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1905. Coloured picture post card of 'Umuti, Walking over hot coals, Huahine, Iles Sous le Vent' addressed to France bearing Oceanie Yvert 1, 1c black/ azure tied by Papeete/Tahiti double ring. Lovely coloured card.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1923. Receipt for item of registered mail (Recepisse de Depot D'Objet Recommande) headed 'Administration Des Postes de Tahiti (Oceanie)' cancelled by Taravao/ Tahiti double ring '11th Mai 23' addressed to Vairo. Unusual item from Tahiti Iti.
French Colonies. (Tahiti-French Indo China). 1903. Envelope addressed to Tonkin, French Indo-China bearing Tahiti Yvert 31, 10c on 25c black/ rose tied by Papeete/ Tahiti double ring '20th Nov' with Haiphong/ Tonkin arrival '10th Avril 04' on reverse. Lovely item of destination mail, five months in transit.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1880. Stamp-less folded wrapper written from Mahaena, Tahiti Nui dated '16th June 1880' addressed to Papeete with 'Taiti (Oceanie) Papeete' double ring arrival on front. An extremely rare document from a small Tahitian village to Papeete.
French Colonies. (Tahiti). 1866. Stamp-less folded wrapper written from Teaupoo, Tahiti Iti addressed to Papeete with 'Taiti (Oceanie)/ Papeete' double ring '26th May 66' arrival on reverse. An extremely rare document from a small Tahitian village to Papeete.
French Colonies. (Camerouns). 1917. Stamp-less envelope headed 'Service Militaire' addressed to the 'Commandant 18th Battalion Indochinese, Fort de Vincennes, France' Cancelled by Duala/Cameroon double ring '31st Juil 17' with hand-struck 'Le Colonel Thomassen /Commadant Militaire du Cameroun/P.O. l' Officier Adjoint' and signed by the Commandant Militaire with circular 'Cameroun/ Le Commandant Militaire'. Very fine.
French Camerouns. 1936. Air Mail envelope addressed to France bearing French Cameroun Yvert 119, 50c green and rose and Yvert 143, 1f brown and green (pair) tied by N'Gambe/Cameroun double ring in violet '30th Avr', endorsed 'Par Avion-Contonou' with Edea '2 Mai' and Cotonou/Dahomey '9th Mai' transits, underpaid and bearing French postage dues Yvert 42,2f violet (2) applied and tied by Paris receiver. Very attractive item.
French Colonies. (Camerouns). 1944. Registered Air Mail envelope addressed to Madagascar bearing Yvert 256, 1f 50c red (pair), Yvert 261, 10f brown and Yvert 262, 20f green tied by N'Kong Samba date stamp '3rd Mai' with matching registered label, circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission B/ Territoire du Cameroun' censor cachet. routed via Brazzaville Congo with Tananaive arrival '6/6' and 'Controle Postal Militaire' censor label Nice item of mail into Madagascar.
Camerouns. (Canada). 1943. Air Mail envelope addressed to Bodmakak, French Cameroun bearing Canada SG 381, 51c blue , SG 386, 20c chocolate, SG 387, 50c violet tied by Montreal /Station B cds with Canadian censor tape, routed via Nigeria with framed crimson censor and circular Controle Prostal/ Commission A/ Territoire du Cameroun' with Eseka/Cameroun transit. Nice item of incoming mail.
Camerouns. (French Camerouns). 1942. Air Mail envelope written from France addressed to an Internee on the French cruiser "Aviso Bougainville" (Douala Interment Camp) via the Red Cross in Brazzaville (French Congo) bearing France Yvert 517, 1f50 brown (strip of three) tied by Toulon date stamp '3rd Sept', routed via Dahomey with Cotonou transit '26th Sept' and 'Controle Postal' censor label tied by oval 'Ouvert/ Par/ Controle' in blue/green and Lagos/ Nigeria '20 Oc' with 'Opened by Censor/ PC 90' tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed/ PP/ 25' in violet and Douala/ Cameroun receiver '13th Nov' with 'Controle Postal Militaire' label tied by oval 'Ouvert/Par/ L'Autorite Militaire' with circular 'Controle Postal/ Commission A/ Territoire de Cameroun' and hand-struck instructional 'Retenu Special/ Douala' in violet and m/s "Batschenga" (Internment Camp) on face.
Very rare item into Batschenga Camp.
Thailand. (Netherlands Post Office in Bangkok). Circa 1945. Stamp-less envelope written by 'Kapt. Theelen, ex P.O.W. of the Netherlands Postkantoor, Bangkok' addressed to 'Rene Theelen, P.O.W. 39037, Kamp No 4, Tjimahi, Java'
Capt Theelen had been a Dutch P.O.W. in the Netherlands Indies, while awaiting repatriation he organized the Netherlands Post Office in Bangkok requesting a Swiss style date stamp for use by the Netherlands Mission. The cancel was received by Theelen on the '26th March 1946' and the Office closed on the 26th November 1946.
Thailand. (Netherlands Post Office in Bangkok). Circa 1945. Stamp-less Air Mail envelope headed 'On Active Service' written by' Kapt. Theelen, ex P.O.W. of the Netherlands Postkantoor, Bangkok' addressed to his wife (returning civilian refugee) on the "S.S. Indiapoera", Netherlands Lloyd, Rotterdam', endorsed 'Per K.L.M.' with m/s 'D/1' in red crayon.
Capt. Theelen had been a Dutch P.O.W. in the Netherlands Indies, while awaiting repatriation he organized the Netherlands Post Office in Bangkok requesting a Swiss style date stamp for use by the Netherlands Mission. The cancel was received by Theelen on the '26th March 1946' and the office closed on the 26th November 1946.
Haiti. (Netherlands West Indies). 1900. Haitian postal stationery card 2c orange written from Gonaives cancelled by oval 'Amsterd-Windie/ Nederld. Packetboot' date stamp '22nd Dec 00' addressed to Caracas, Venezuela with hand-struck 'T' on face. Nice item.
Mexico. (Japan). 1892. Cover FRONT headed 'Correspondencia Particular/ Dei Gubernador de Colima' addressed to 'The Consul of Mexico, Yokohama, Japan' bearing Mexico Yvert 112, 4c orange/red and Yvert 113, 6c orange/red tied by Colima date stamp 'Feb 13' endorsed 'via Guadeloupe' with m/s 'Received Mars 22'. Nice item of destination mail to Japan.
Costa Rica. (Postcards). 1906. Picture post card of 'Indian Children' addressed to Hungary bearing Costa Rica Yvert 42, 2c red and black tied by concentric ring with adjacent San Jose date stamp and Debreczen arrival. Very fine item paying the printed matter post card rate, published by 'Antonio Lehmann, Libreria and San Jose, Costa Rica.'
Its a real pleasure to add a magnificent selection of French Colonies from Africa, Asia, The Caribbean and Oceania. Very fine pre-stamp, British Post Office, Charged Mail, Advice of Receipt, Printed Matter and postage due mail. A lovely selection of censor mail, some with five or six censor cachets and labels, routed Trans-Africa, two Ocean or over the Atlantic with some unusual destinations.
A few items from the Dr. Edward Grabowski collection, this amazing sale sold in three parts by Spink. Also interesting Tahiti and New Caledonia from Tony Eastgate's life time work.
Over the next few months we hope to add many items to grace the finest collections.
A strong area of stock is our China from Imperial to WW2 with many fine censor covers and Air Transits. A good selection of the overseas Post Offices, Austrian, British, French, Japanese and Russian with offices in Manchuria. Many mixed combinations, I.P.O's .
Coming soon the John Marc Sitarek accumulation of China, French Post Office and Indo-China with magnificent French Detachment in the Boxer Campaign covers.
John Marc also had a fine selection of the Chinese Labour Force which are not often seen, he built this selection over thirty years. One of the darker aspects of World War One was the plight of 12,000 Chinese workers who were recruited by the British Army from the North of China in 1916 to serve on the battle front in France as labourers, trench diggers, munitions carriers, mine disarmers and corpse bearers under often inhumane conditions. A large number were also struck down by the devastating Spanish flue of 1918.