Egypt. (Kenya). 1941. Air Mail envelope addressed to Nairobi bearing Yvert 287, 1m bistre (2), Yvert 191, 5m brown and Air Mail 14, 10m mauve and grey and Yvert 16, 30m green tied by Cairo date stamp with 'Egyptian Censorship/ Opened By Censor' label tied by circular 'Censorship/ Dept/ 5' cachet.

Egypt. (Sudan - French Colonies). 1942. Air Mail envelope addressed to 'Liet. Leleu, C.M.T.A.F.L.' Camp du Kanai, Bangui, (Afrique Equatorial Francaise), bearing Egypt Yvert 187, 1m orange, Yvert 189, 3m brown (2) and Yvert 215, 50m blue/ grey tied by Cairo date stamp '9th Jan', with 'Air Mail' hand-stamp, routed via Sudan with 'Opened By Examiner/ 18' censor tape (green on white) tied by circular 'Controle Postal/ Commision G/ Afrique Equatorial Francais' censor on face, routed via Fort Lamy/ Tchad' '17th Feb 42' with Bangai/ Oubangi Chari arrival '23/2' on reverse.

Egypt. (German Sea Post - Japan). 1895. German 'Reichpost' postal stationery card 10pf carmine written on board the 'S.S. "Bayern' at Port Said, Red Sea' dated 'April 27 1895' cancelled 'Deutsche Seepost/ Ost/ Asiatische/ Hauptlinie/ e' date stamp '28/4' with adjacent Egyptian Post Office Suez '29/4', addressed to 'Mrs Evington, Bishops Lodge, Nagasaki, Japan', routed via Colombo 'My 10' and Hong Kong 'May 20' with Yokohama vernacular date stamp and Nagasaki arrival '1st June.'

Bishop Evington and family made three journeys to Japan between 1874 - 1908.

The 'S.S. "Bayern" (Norddeuscher Lloyd) departed Shanghai December 2nd 1894 for Southampton via Yokohama, Nagasaki, Hong Kong, Singapore, Colombo, Port Said, Naples and Genoa.

Egypt. (British Post Office in Egypt). 1875. Envelope addressed to England bearing Great Britain SG 94, 4d vermilion (pair of plate 14) tied by 'B/01' obliterator with adjacent Alexandria date stamp 'Ap 3rd', routed via Brindisi with London/ Paid' arrival on face 'Ap 10th. Fine item.

Egypt. (Via Trieste - Germany). 1873. Envelope addressed to Germany bearing SG 33, 2 1/2pi violet tied by Poste Egiziane/ Porto Said date stamp with 'Franca' hand-stamp, endorsed 'via Trieste' with Alessandria and Wien transits on reverse with Heidelberg receiver.

Lovely item routed via Trieste.

Seychelles. (Postmarks). 1901. Seychelles QV SG 36, 2r 25 violet and green cancelled by Anse Royale date stamp 'De 7 01'.

Very nice village cancel on this high value Seychelles adhesive.

Seychelles. (Postmarks). 1901. Seychelles KEV11 '4 cents on 30c' violet and green surcharged 'REVENUE' cancelled by Anse Royale date stamp. Very fine.

Seychelles. 1908. Seychelles SG 48, 6c carmine cancelled by CASCADE date stamp dated 'Jan 18 1908'.

Proud (1.1.1901) - (8.11.08). Very scarce village cancel.

Mauritius. (Mauritius used on Rodrigues Island). 1863 - 1880. Mauritius SG 62, 4d rose and SG 94, 8c blue cancelled by 'B/ 65' obliterator of Rodrigues.

Scarce postmarks from this small island 560 kilometers east of Mauritius.

Mauritius. (Mauritius used on Rodrigues Island). 1907. Mauritius SG 143, 4c black and carmine cancelled by Rodrigues/ A date stamp 'Ja 7 07'.

Fine item from this small island 560 kilometers east of Mauritius. In 1906/07 only 7 mail steamers arrived on the island and the boats stopped calling from December to May on account of severe storms, which makes this January date rather elusive.

Thailand. (India). 1894. Siamese postal stationery card 4 att carmine cancelled by Bangkok date stamp '27th March 94' addressed to 'Captain Delamain, 11th Bengal Lancers, Nowshera, Punjab, India', routed via Singapore '1st April' with Calcutta 'Ap 13th' and Nowshera arrival '16th April' on face.

The addressee 'Captain Delamain' was the Commander of the Bengal Lancers of the Malakand Field Force which participated in the Waziristan Campaign.

Thailand. (Stamp Dealer Mail). 1912. Registered envelope written from 'The Siam Stamp Co. Bangkok' (with International exchange label on reverse) addressed to 'H.E. Thain, Stamp Dealer, Norfolk, England' bearing SG 146, 28s red-brown tied by Bangkok/ 1 date stamp '21st June 1912' with matching registration label and oval London transit on reverse.

Scarce single franking 'twenty eight' baht on cover.

Thailand. (French Occupation of Siam). 1897. Stamp-less envelope endorsed 'Troupes d' Occupation du Chantaboun Siam' addressed to France cancelled by 'Saigon Cochin. Corps Exped' double ring '6th Feb 97' with circular 'Detachement D' Occupation de Chantaboun - Siam/ Le Commandant' and counter signed by the Commanding Officer with Chatou receiver on reverse.

Scarce item from the French Occupation of Chantaboon, Siam.

Thailand. (Provincial Postmarks). 1909. Picture post card of 'Working Elephants' addressed to London bearing Siam SG 132, 6a on 4 satang carmine tied by bilingual Paknampo date stamp in blue with Bangkok/ 1 and Bangkok/ 2 transits. Lovely item from Nakhon Sawon Province.

Thailand. 1908. Envelope addressed to England bearing Siam SG 75, 8a green and orange and SG 109, 1a on 24a purple and blue tied by bilingual Bangkok/ 1 date stamp with blue Bangkok/ 2 transit on reverse. Lovely mixed franking.

Ethiopia. (French Post Office). 1909. Picture post card of 'The Emperor and Princess Rass and the Fete de la Mascale Croix' addressed to France bearing Ethiopia Yvert 86, 1/2g green tied by Dirre Daoua/ Abyssinie date stamp.

Nice Royalty card depicting the Christian Festival of the Mascale Cross the Holy Ethiopian Orthodox Church Festival'.

Mail carried by the French Post Office is Ethiopia is scarce.

Ethiopia. (British Military Mission in Ethiopia). 1948. Air Mail envelope headed 'Forces Mail' , written from 'Sgt. Pomfret, British Military Mission to Ethiopia, Middle East Land Forces' addressed to England bearing Channel Islands, General Issue SG C1, 1d scarlet and SG C2, 2 1/2d ultramarine tied by 'Army Field Post Office/ 4' double ring '31st July 48' with circular 'Headquarters Army Military/ Mission To Ethiopia' on face in violet and hand-stamped 'Air Mail'.

Ethiopia. 1911. Registered picture post card of 'Le Grand Marche de Addis - Abeba' addressed to England bearing Ethiopia Yvert 86, 1/4g green and Yvert 90, 4g green and carmine tied by Adis Abeba date stamp '21st Juin' with hand-struck 'R', routed via London with oval 'Oxford/ Registered' receiver '16th July'.

Registered post-cards are very scare and this is a rare example from Ethiopia.

Ethiopia. 1943. Registered envelope headed 'The Arabian Trading Company Limited/ Addis-Abeba' addressed to London bearing Ethiopia Yvert 184, 8ch green and 'Air Mail' Yvert 12, 2ch blue tied by Addis Abeba date stamp with matching registered label with blank censor tape tied by 'Empire D' Ethiopia/ Censure Militaire' hand-stamp in violet on face and reverse with framed '3' hand-stamp censor in violet.

Ethiopia. (Aden - Tripolitania). 1943/44. Envelope addressed to Ohio, United States bearing Ethiopia 20g blue tied by Addis Ababa date stamp, routed via Aden with 'P.C. 90/ Opened By/ Examiner F' tied by circular '116' hand-stamp in violet, forwarded via Tripoli with Tripolitania 'P.C. 66/ Opened By Examiner/ ZA/ 17812' label. Lovely item of censored mail from Ethiopia, routed via Aden and Tripolitania.

Greece. (French Indo - China). 1931. Registered Air Mail envelope addressed to Saigon, French Indo-China, endorsed '1ST Vol Athens - Saigon/ Air Orient' bearing Greece Yvert 191. 3l carmine, Yvert 355, 1f blue and brown and Yvert 360, 15l green and grey tied by Athens double ring '16th July' with registered label, framed 'Par Avion' and bilingual boxed 'Par Avion' in violet on face, routed via Port Said with transit on reverse and Saigon Central arrival '25th July 31' with framed 'NON RECLAME' and returned to Athens with arrival '29th Aout' in Athens.

Scarce First Flight from Athens to Saigon, French Indo-China routed via India. Only 22 flown.

Ex Desrousseaux.

Greece. (Austrian Levant). 1882. Envelope addressed to Smyrne bearing Austrian Levant 'Franz Joseph' Yvert 3, 5 soldi red (pair) tied by Salonicco date stamp with Smryne arrival. Very fine quality.

Greece. (United States). 1941. Air Mail envelope addressed to Salonique, Greece bearing United States Yvert 242, 20c rose and Yvert 245, 50c violet tied by Pine Bluff/ Ark duplex 'Apr 3rd 1941', carried over the Pacific via San Francisco with 'Via Air Mail' label, framed '36' censorship on reverse (applied in India) with 'Geoffnet' German censor tape (g for Wien) tied by German censor in orange with hand-stamp instructional 'Return To Sender/ Service Suspended' in carmine on face and returned via New York '1st Dec 41' slogan on reverse.

Greece was invaded by the Germans at the beginning of April 1941 and effectively occupied by the end of that month. This letter posted on the 3rd April 1941 was paid to go to Greece on the Transpacific service via San Francisco and onward via India and Iraq to Egypt and then Greece (70 cents Air Mail rate). Censored by the German authorities. Place of censorship Vienna (code g on the German censor label). Arrived back in New York '1st December 1941.

Greece. (Turkish Occupation of the Greek Aegean Islands). 1903. Envelope written from Ploumari, Metelin bearing Turkey Yvert 101, 1p blue tied by bilingual Pelmar double ring (Coles & Walker 52), routed via Constantinople with Chambery arrival on reverse. Very rare item from Metelin.

Coles and Walker do not list Pelmar postmark with stars.

Greece. (Greek Occupation of Mytilene). 1912. Turkish postal stationery card 20p carmine overprinted 'Greek Occupation/ Mytilene'. Scarce mint card.

Italian States. (Papal States). 1866. Envelope addressed to Firenze bearing Papal States Yvert 6, 5b rose/ black tied by Roma date stamp, underpaid bearing Italy postage dues Yvert 1, 10c yellow (imperf pair).

Italian Colonies. (Eritrea). 1940. Air Mail envelope addressed to Germany bearing Eritrea 90c blue and 'Air Mail' Yvert 22, 1l blue (pair) tied by Massaua date stamp '16th Feb 40', endorsed 'via Air Littoria' with 'T' due hand-stamp, boxed parallel bar and framed number '4104' in carmine and German censor label on reverse.

Italy. (Vatican). 1940. Registered Air Mail envelope addressed to Germany bearing Vatican 'Air Mail' Yvert 7, 5l grey and Yvert 8, 10l purple tied by Vatican Poste/ Aera double ring '23/12' with matching registered label 'Citta Del Vaticano' with 'Posta Aerea/ Per Avion' hand-stamp with Lindau arrival '28th Dec' and German censor tape tied by circular German censor on reverse. Very fine.

Air Mail hand-stamp not listed in McQueen 'Airmail Directional Handstamps'.

Hungary. (France). 1875. Envelope addressed to France bearing Yvert 15, 5kr pale carmine (pair) tied by Fushan date stamp '20th Juil' with Brasso and Wien transits on reverse, underpaid with hand-struck instructional 'Jnsuffisament/ Affranchie' on face (Van der Linden 1836) with 'Autr Avriciurt 3' French entry cachet in blue '25th Juil 75', Macon arrival and charged with '6'in m/s on arrival.

Nice item of underpaid early mail from Hungary to France.

Germany. 1835. Pre-stamp folded letter addressed to Rostock cancelled by hand-struck Neubrandenburg/ 15 Juli 1835', rated '25' in ink top left and charged '16' in carmine ink and '1' on arrival.

Netherlands East Indies. (Forwarding Agents Mail - Belgium). 1834. Stamp-less folded letter addressed to France written from Batavia dated '25th Jan 1834', rated '60' styvers in m/s with oval 'Zee - Brief/ Hellvoetsluis' in red '8th Juin' and Amsterdam transit with 'Na Posttyd' in red, endorsed 'Care of Messer's Hope & Co/ Amsterdam' and forwarded with framed 'Holland/Par/ Thonnville' and instructional 'L.P.B. 5.R' in red (Ven der Linden 1940) and charged '38'in green ink with Nantes arrival '19th Juin' on reverse. Lovely item full of character.

Netherlands East Indies. 1840. Stamp-less envelope written from Patjitan dated '25th June 1840', addressed to Batavia cancelled by bold oval 'Patjitan/ Ongefrankeerd' with m/s 150' in center. Lovely quality.

Netherlands East Indies. (LOCAL MILITARY CENSORSHIP). 1940. Registered envelope addressed to Meulabah, West Atjeh Province bearing Netherlands Indies SG 407, 30c indigo tied by Medan date stamp '17th May 40' with matching registration label and 'Militaire Censuur/Medan' in violet on face with 'Censuur Medan Geopend Militaire' label, routed via Koetaradja with framed local military censorship 'Militaire Censuur/ Koetardaja' and Meulaboh arrival '29th May 40' on reverse.

Superb item of local military censor marks, 1st type KOETARADJA unique on a registered cover.

Ex 'Paul Bulterman' collection.

Netherlands East Indies. (Diplomatic Mail Censorship). 1942. Registered Air Mail envelope addressed to 'Military Attache, Netherlands Legation, Washington' bearing Netherlands Indies SG 419, 40c green and SG 440, 1g violet (strip of five and single) tied by Bandoeng date stamp '17th Jan 42' with matching registration label, hand-stamped 'Aangeteekend' twice in violet and framed 'Niet Door Censuur Geopend/ 11' in carmine, endorsed 'Air Thoughout' , routed over the Pacific with New York and Washington arrival 'May 18 42' on reverse.

Very fine item of Pacific mail held for 4 months for censorship. High franking of 6 gulden 40 cents.

See 'Nico de Weijer's' wonderful book on Netherlands Indies censor mail.

Netherlands East Indies. (India - Belgium). 1918. Envelope addressed to Belgium bearing Netherlands Indies SG 219, 20c green tied by Koeala - Simpong double ring '24th Mai 16', endorsed via Nederland', routed via India with 'Opened By Censor' tape (red on white) with circular 'Frie- Gegeben' censor in violet and 'Kaiserliches Postamt/ Aachen 1' censor labels (two) with '77' postmans chop on face.

Netherlands East Indies. (Ex. Prisoner of War Mail). 1946. 'A.C.F.' (War Service Fund and Y.M.C.A.' envelope written from the 'Kantoor of Displaced Persons, Batavia' cancelled 'R.A.P.W.I./ Postkantoor/ Batavia' dated '12th Feb 46' addressed to Kamp IV, Tjimahi'.

Ex Prisoner of War, (R.A.P.W.I.) Recovery of Allied Prisoners of War and Internees envelope.

Netherlands East Indies. (Veldpost). 1942. Veldpost Packet addressed to 'Veldpost Camp B.I.' bearing Netherlands Indies SG 429, 10c vermilion and SG 453, 5c + 10c orange and blue tied by 'Veld - Post/ Sorteerkantoor' with framed 'Veldpost/ Distributiekt. 105' and 'Censuurd/ Gepasseerd/B' hand-stamp in carmine with 'Bandjar date stamp '4th Mar 42' on face with m/s 'Returned address unknown' (Onbekend) and returned with arrival '23/3' on reverse. Very attractive 'Veldpost' Packet card.

Netherlands East Indies. (Netherlands Indies Civil Administration). 1946. Stamp-less Air Mail envelope written from 'A.M.A.C.A.B.' (Allied Military Administration Civil Affairs Branch) Hotel, Singaradja' addressed to Bali Hotel, Denpasar headed 'Luchtpostverbinding Singgaradja- Denpasar 26 - 4 - 46'.

First Air Mail flown between Singaradja and Denpasar after the Japanese Occupation and Dutch War of Independence.

Unique item. Illustrated in P.R. Bulterman's 'Nederlands Indie in Oorlog' on page 213.

The Dutch Indies declared independence from the Netherlands at 10am, 17th August 1945. There followed four years of armed resistance and bloody conflict until the Dutch recognized Independence on 27th Dec 1949.

Netherlands East Indies. (Marine Post). Circa 1947. Air Mail envelope written from '1st Camp. 1 - 1 R. Inf. N. Brigade, Java' addressed to the Netherlands endorsed 'On Active Service' bearing 'Dutch Rule Restored' SG 467, 1c yellow-green (2), SG 471, 7 1/2c olive and SG 472, 10c brown tied by framed hand-stamp 'Post - A - Div./ Soerabaja' in violet.

Very attractive colourful cover from the Royal Dutch Marine Brigade during the Dutch Indies War of Independence.

The Dutch Indies declared independence from the Netherlands at 10am, 17th August 1945. There followed four years of armed resistance and bloody conflict until the Dutch recognized Independence on the 27th Dec 1949.

Netherlands East Indies. (Marine Post). 1950. Stampless envelope headed 'Dienst/ Ministerie Van Marine' addressed to Soerabaja cancelled by Marine Post date stamp '24th Sept 50' with circular 'Koninklijke/ (Anchor) / Marine' hand-stamp.

Nice item from the Royal Dutch Navy patrolling the waters around Indonesia after the War of Independence.

Netherlands East Indies. (BALI VELDPOST ELEPHANT). 1946. Envelope addressed to Batavia bearing Netherlands Indies 'Dutch Rule Restored' SG 470, 5c blue tied by circular '(Elephant) Eersie Veldpost lucht Dienst/ Bali 13 Mei 1946' in carmine, forwarded to Bali.

Superb item from the Bali Brigade during the Indies War of Independence.

The Dutch Indies declared independence from the Netherlands at 10am, 17th August 1945. There followed four years of armed resistance and bloody conflict until the Dutch recognized Independence on the 27th Dec 1949.

Netherlands East Indies. 1946. Printed illustrated 'In Actieve Dienst' 9On Active Service) envelope from '1ST Company, 1 - 1 Reg. Inf. Brigade, Batavia' addressed to the Netherlands cancelled by Veldpost/ Soerabaja' date stamp '22nd March 46.'

The Dutch Indies declared independence from the Netherlands at 10am, 17th August 1945. There followed four years of armed resistance and bloody conflict until the Dutch recognized Independence on the 27th Dec 1949.

Netherlands East Indies. (R.A.F. POST). 1945. Stamp-less Air Mail envelope written from 'Tjideng Camp, Batavia' addressed to the Netherlands cancelled by 'RAFPOST/ 209' double ring in violet '7th Dec 1945'. Nice item from R.A.F. Post 209, Post Office Batavia from (21.11.45) - (15.10.46)

Ex 'Paul Bulterman's' Netherlands East Indies collection.

Netherlands East Indies. (Censorship By the Orphan Chamber, Batavia). 1940. Unstamped registered envelope addressed to Batavia cancelled by 'Ned Indie '25c' meter mail '21st May' with Batavia Central registration label and 'Door - Weeskamer- Batavia geopend/ Weeskamer te Batavia' label applied and signed with arrival '26th June' on reverse.

Interesting example of a letter to a bankrupt entity opened by the Censorship Orphan Chamber (Weeskamer).

Netherlands East Indies. (Indonesian Republic - Singapore). 1946. Air Mail envelope endorsed 'On Active Service' addressed to the Netherlands written from 'S.E.A.C.' (South East Asia Command) 'R.N.I.A./ N.R.X. Batavia' , routed via Singapore with 'F.P.O.S. - 16' double ring '4th Jan 46' and 'S.E.A.C. Base Army/ Post Office/ Jan 46'' machine roller on reverse bearing Netherlands Indies SG 396, 1c slate, SG 397, 2c purple, SG 463, 3c green mixed with 'Japanese Occupation' SG 7, 3 1/2c carmine and 'Indonesian Republic SG J12, 10c blue, SG J13, 20c olive, SG J14, 40c violet and SG J15, 60c red-orange cancelled in transit by 'London F.S. double ring '22nd Jan 46' and parallel bar obliterator in carmine applied in London indicating that Air Mail was paid to London only.

Superb item from South East Asia Command via the Indian Army Post Office in Singapore by Air to London and onward by ship to Den Hague.
The machine roller Base Army Post Office/Jan 46' not listed by Proud.

Netherlands East Indies - Australia. (Red Cross Information Form). 1942. Red Cross Information form headed 'Societe de la Croix-Rouge du Japan/ 5, Parc Shiba/Tokio (Japan) dated '10/12/1942', written from 'Johanna Lawence, Bondi, New South Wales, Australia' addressed to 'Sara Modderaar, Bandoeng, Dutch East Indies', routed via Japan with Japanese Red Cross 'Societe de la Croix Rouge du Japan/ Tokio/ Service de Secours Pour Les Prisoneers de Guerre' in carmine on face and boxed 'Ken' etsuzumi' (censored) with framed 'Jawa Yoku 2' (Java Internee district 2) with P.O.W. number '13845' erased with '11079' in red crayon and endorsed 'CR' indicating 'Modderaar' was in Batavia and received 'March 27 45.'

Netherlands East Indies. (Germany - Protection Camp Mail). 1941. Air Mail Netherlands East Indies postal stationery card 3 1/2c grey upgraded with SG 398, 2 1/2c bistre and SG 400, 4c bronze-green tied by Salatiga date stamp '2nd July 41', written from 'Poldi Antosch, Beschermings Protection Camp, Salatiga, Java' addressed to 'Josef Antosch, Central Internment Camp, Alas Vallei, Sumatra' hand-stamped 'Beschermingskamp voor/ Duitsche Vrouwen/ Salatiga/ Beheerder' on face in violet, routed via Medan with 'Gecensureerd/ 2' censor hand-stamp in carmine and 'per Luchpost/Par Avion' label.

A postal receipt from Beschermings Camp, the item insured at f20 and dated '2/7/41' anointed 'No 743' is also included.

The Salatiga Protection Camp for women hosted 43 German woman and 51 children.

A rare item from this Camp. Poldi Antosch left the same day for Japan.

Ex "Paul Bulterman's Prisoner of War collection and illustrated in his book "Nederlands - Indie in Oorlog" page 28.

Netherlands Indies. (Red Cross Information Form). 1942. Red Cross Information form headed 'Comite International de la Croix - Rouge/ Palais du Conseil General/ Geneve (Suisse) dated '15th Jan 1942' from 'Gerda Thierens, Java' addressed to 'Clara v.d. Hoop, Delft, Zud Holland' with 'C.I.N. 764/ 2. - T' (Contact Bureau Indie - Nederland), routed via Geneva with circular 'Comite International de la Croix Rouge/ Geneve' hand-stamp on face and reverse '11 Mai 1942', Japanese Red Cross 'Societe de la Croix Rouge du Japan/ Tokio/ Service de Secours Pour Les Prisonners de Guerre' in carmine on reverse dated 'Mar 27 1944' and boxed 'Ken' etsuzumi' (censored) with oval seal of "Suzuki" on face in orange and framed 'Jawa Yoku 3 (Java Internee (district) 3' with P.O.W. number '15558' and endorsed 'Kamp 44' in blue crayon.

Scarce Red Cross formula form (Bulterman Type 3) written from Java to the Netherlands and replied back via Geneva and Japan Red Cross Tokio to Java.

Netherlands text was not allowed.

Netherlands East Indies. (Censorship). 1941. Netherlands Indies postal stationery card 3 1/2c grey cancelled by Buitenzorg date stamp '4th Sept 41' with hand-stamp '5' in scarlet on face addressed to Batavia.

Local cover not censored but hand-stamped with numeral, a few known dated between June to September 1941.

Barbados.(Anglo French Accountancy). 1856. Stamp-less folded letter sheet written from Barbados dated '26th November 1856' addressed to France cancelled by Barbados double arc on reverse 'No 27' with circular 'No 27/ 1856 --' on reverse, endorsed 'per French Mail', routed via London with framed Anglo - French Accountancy 'Colonies/ Art 18' in carmine on face with London transit and French entry cachet '18 Dec' with Rheims receiver on reverse and taxed with hand-struck '30' indicating double letter rate.

The small circular date stamp is not listed by Ted Proud.

West Indies Mail Packet Service. 1st January to 31st December 1856. This special rate was in operation for one year and few examples of the currency hand-stamp have been recorded from any part of the world. This 'Article 18' from Barbados is very scarce.

Scarce item with 'Roumet' certificate.