Russia. (France). 1874. Folded letter addressed to France bearing Yvert 17, 1k black and yellow (3) and Yvert 22, 20k blue and brown tied by circular St. Petersburg date stamp with oval 'Paid' in Russian and framed 'P.D.' struck in red on face, French entry cachet, routed via Paris with Montpellier arrival. Attractive franking.

Ukraine. (Russia). 1867. Stamp-less folded letter with oval firms chop "Giacomo Porto/ Odessa" addressed to London, rated '4/S' in m/s with '5' erased in red crayon and rated '4', routed via Rustschut and Wien '15/10' with London segmented arrival in red on reverse and taxed with bold hand-struck '5 1/2' (Van der Linden 3077). Nice item of accountancy mail from Odessa.

Russia. (French Detachment in Russia). 1917. Picture post card of 'The Gogol Monument, Moscow' dated 'Moscow 28th Avril 1917' addressed to 'Sector 91, France' cancelled by circular '102 Regt. d' Artillerie Lourde/ Mission Russe/ Le Chef d' Escadron Commandant' in violet on face.

French Forces situated at Petrograd and Moscow were generally Headquarters personnel.
Scarce item from the 102nd Regiment Artillery Unit in Moscow the Chef of the Squadron, Commandant.

Please see 'Foreign Military Activity in The Russian Civil War 1917 - 1923 by Edward Klempka. Page 105/ 106.

Ukraine. (Belgian Armoured Automotive Machine Gun Corps). 1916. Envelope addressed to Switzerland bearing Russia Yvert 67, 10k blue tied by double ring Field Post Office No 213 (Ukraine) dated '17th Feb 1916', endorsed 'Division Belge d' Auto Canons/ Division de Front par/ Legation Belge/Petrograde' with double ring 'Belgian Armoured Automotive Machine Gun Corps' violet cachet in Russian on reverse with censor tape tied by framed boxed censor No 702 and boxed '8' censor hand-stamp on face, signed by the Warrant Officer' with arrival in Tevitit on reverse.

The Belgians sent a volunteer Armoured Car Corps to Russia. The Corps arrived in Archangel in October 1915 and gave military assistance to Russia at Petrograd, Peterhof and Kiev and at Field Post Office 8 and FPO 213 in Ukraine January, February 1916.

See Foreign Military Activity in the Russian Civil War 1917 - 1923 by Edward Klempka 'Appendix B, page 360.

Spanish Colonies. (Ifni - Morocco). 1935. Stamp-less envelope printed 'Batallon de Tiradores/ Ifni' on reverse, addressed to Tanger, Spanish Marruecos cancelled by 'Territorio de Ifni/ Certifico. Que esta sobre va sin/ Franueo, por no exister selios de correos, en este Territorio' hand-stamp in violet on face and signed by the Post-Master with Tetuan/Protec. Espanol/ Marruecos' date stamp '30th Nov 35' and Tanger arrival on reverse '1st Dec'.

Scarce commercial mail (slight trim left side).

Spanish Colonies. (Golf de Guinea). 1918. Envelope addressed to Switzerland bearing Spanish Guinea SG 142, 5c green and SG 143, 10c vermilion (pair) tied by Santa Isabel/ Fernando Poo double ring with 'Controle Postal Militaire' censor tape tied by oval 'Ouvert/ Par L' Autorite Militaire/ 203' censor cachet on face and reverse. Nice item of censored mail from the Spanish Territories of the Gulf of Guinea.

Spain. (Belgian Congo). 1944. Air Mail envelope addressed to Jadotville, Belgian Congo bearing Spain SG 963, 20c violet, SG 964a, 25c maroon and SG 965, 30c blue mixed with 'Charity' labels tied by Jaen date stamp '13th Nov 44' with 'Censura' tape and boxed 'Censura/ 14 Non 44/ S' struck twice on reverse,, routed via Portugal with Lisboa transit '16/11' and bilingual South Africa censor tape tied by censor cachet 'B', and 'Congo Belge/ 6' censor label with Elisabethville and Jadotville arrival '6th Jan 45' on reverse.

Lovely item of censored mail from Spain inti the Congo with three different censor labels.

Spain. (China). 1893. Registered mourning envelope addressed to Marseille bearing Spain Yvert 207, 50c carmine tied by framed 'Certificado Barcelona' date stamp '31st Jan 1893' and hand-struck 'R' with Marseille Bch de Rhone' arrival '2nd Feb', forwarded to 'Doctor Cleoe, on board the French paquebot "Caledonian" a Shanghai, China' with octagonal 'Ligne N Paq. Fr. No 6' date stamp on face '5th Feb 93' sent on the steamer "Natal" from Marseille.
Due to damage on the journey the "Natal" only went as far as Shanghai, all French paquebots continued on to Yokohama.

Spanish Colonies. (Cuba - French Sudan). 1908. Registered Cuban postal stationery envelope 'two cents' scarlet upgraded with United States Occupation Yvert 142, 1c green, Yvert 143, 2c carmine, Yvert 144, 3c violet and Yvert 145, 5c blue tied by framed 'Habana/ Habana' hand-stamp with boxed 'R/ Habana/ Mar 7' in red on face and endorsed 'Certificado' , addressed to Kayes, Soudan Francais, routed via France.

A remarkable, very rare and attractive item of destination mail from Spanish Cuba into French Sudan/ Upper Senegal/ Niger.

Exhibition item.

Portuguese Colonies. (Mozambique). 1917. Mozambique postal stationery card 'one cent' green cancelled by octagonal Lourenco Marques/ Central date stamp with oval 'Province de Mozambique/ Lourenco Marques/ Service de Prisonniers de Guerre' in blue on face with circular 'Passed By Censor/ 99' in carmine on face addressed to Zurich, Switzerland. Very fine.

Tunisia (Portugal - Postage Dues). 1908. Envelope addressed to Portugal bearing Tunisia Yvert 32, 10c rose (pair) tied by Regence de Tunis double ring, routed via Souses, underpaid with triangular 'T hand-stamp and endorsed '80' in blue crayon bearing Portugal postage dues Yvert 9, 20r lilac (2) and Yvert 11, 40r violet tied by oval Porto receiver '5th Jan 09'. Nice combination. Scarce item from North Africa underpaid to Portugal.

Portugal. (Austria). 1870. Envelope addressed to Cormons, Austrian Italy bearing SG 44, 80r orange (imperf), SG 56, 20r bistre and SG 64, 120r blue tied by '208' numeral with adjacent Faro double ring '22/10', routed via Lisbon 25th Oct' with Cormons arrival in Austrian Italy (Lombardy-Venetia).
Scarce franking of mixed perf and imperf classic Portugal stamps to an unusual destination from Faro.

Portugal. (Sweden). 1855. Stamp-less envelope written from Lisbon dated '15th Oct 1855' headed 'S.N.R.O.' in m/s, with Lisboa '17th Oct 55' and Badajoz double ring transit on reverse in blue '19/10', routed via Spain with bold framed 'Spanien' in red (Van der Linden 2565) and Verviers/ 27/10/ Coeln' hand-struck red ambulant on reverse, m/s '5/8' erased and rated '16/3' in blue ink with '1 ry 24s' on face and '11' in blue crayon on reverse.
Attractive item to Sweden.

Portugal. 1913. Value Declared envelope endorsed ''Valor Declara 270$00' addressed to Porto bearing Yvert 207, 1/2c black, Yvert 208, 1c blue-green (2), Yvert 210, 2c carmine (4), Yvert 211, 2 1/2c violet (7) and Yvert 215, 10c brown-orange tied by Vinhaes date stamp with Porto receiver. Superb franking.

United States. (Germany). 1837. Stamp-less envelope written from New York dated '23rd Feb 1837' cancelled by New York date stamp, endorsed 'By First British Steamer/ By Prussian Closed Mail' and routed via Boston with 'Boston/ Br Pkt' dated 'Feb 24', with hand-struck '23' and bold small '30' applied in black on face, double ring Aachen transit '10/3' in red on reverse and rated '13' in m/s blue ink.
Very attractive item of Trans-Atlantic mail.

United States. (Trans-Atlantic Mail - Germany). 1863. Stamp-less envelope addressed to Germany cancelled by Gloucester/ M.S. double ring 'Nov 10', charged with hand-struck '22' and m/s '22', endorsed 'via Bremen or Hamburg', routed via New York with circular 'New York Ham Pkt./ 3' with hand-struck accountancy '4 1/2 Sgr./ 6 Xr.' in blue on face (Van der Linden 3265) and Hamburg transit with Frankfurt arrival on reverse '29/11.' Attractive item of Trans-Atlantic mail with Accountancy marks.

United States. (United States Military - North African Mission). 1942. Stamp-less Air Mail envelope addressed to Pennsylvania cancelled by framed 'Censored/ No 20/ U.S.M.N.A.M.' in violet dated '30th Mag 1942' on face, endorsed 'Air Mail'.

Helbock notes the United States Military, North African Mission was created in September 1941 to aide the British and Russian Allies with military supplies and equipment.

(Helbock does not show an illustration or date). This is the fourth item recorded.

United States. (Pacific Islands). 1906. United States postal stationery envelope 'two cents' scarlet upgraded with SG 306, 1c green tied by Suva date stamp '6th Aug 06' addressed to Suva, Fiji.
Scarce item of 'Consignees' mail.

Ex Tony Eastgate.

United States. (Austria). 1879. Envelope addressed to the United States bearing 'Franz Joseph' Yvert 36, 10kr blue tied by Wein date stamp '11th Dec 79', routed via New York with New York/ Paid All duplex 'Jan 3' and Providence/ R.I. arrival and forwarded to Washington D.C. bearing United States 'Washington' Yvert 41, 3c green (pair) tied by cork cachet with 'Carrier' transit and Providence receiver dated '7th Jan 80.'

Attractive item of re-directed mail.

Russia. (British Army & Field Post Offices, Archangel Force). 1919. Stamp-less envelope headed 'On His Majesty's Service' erased and endorsed 'On Active Service' addressed to Barnet cancelled by 'Field Post Office/ P.B. 55' double ring '15th June 19' with circular 'P.C.' and oval 'X5' censor and (Crown) 'Passed By Censor No 26R'in carmine on face.

The British Army utilised eight Army or Field Post Offices in the Archangel region. Field Post Office PB55 at Beresnik from (28.12.18) - (22.7.19).

Russia. (Japanese Ship Mail). 1907. Picture post card of 'Vladivostok' addressed to Seattle bearing Russia Yvert 41, 4k rose tied by Tsuruga/ Japan date stamp (Tchilinghirian Fig 697) with adjacent framed 'Paquebot' (Tchil Fig 696) and routed via Yokohama with transit in violet on face '20th Aug 07'.

Russia. (Manchuria - United States). 1902. Envelope addressed to 'Khabarovsk, Amor River, Eastern Siberia' bearing United States Yvert 111, 2c carmine (3) tied by San Francisco date stamp 'Dec 27 1902', endorsed 'via Japan', routed via Seattle, underpaid with circular 'T/20' hand-stamp on face with Yokohama and Nagasaki transits 'Jan 17th 03' and oval Russian Tax hand-stamp, endorsed '16 kop' with Khabarovsk arrival '25th Jan 03' on reverse.

Scarce item into this Eastern Siberian town on the Amor River between Siberia and Manchuria.

Russia. (Germany - Prussian Mail). 1870. Registered stamp-less envelope addressed to London cancelled by St. Petersburg date stamp '6th Oct 70' with framed Russian 'Registered', hand-stamp 'P.D.' in red, routed via Prussia with circular 'Prussia/ Registered' transit 'Oc 22' and 'Registered/ W.C.D.O.' arrival 'Oct 24' with hand-struck 'Crown/ Registered' on face in red and rated '68' in blue crayon with 5 wax seals on reverse.

Russia. (Norway). 1883. Postal stationery card addressed to Norway bearing Yvert 17, 1k black and yellow and Yvert 18, 2k black and lilac tied by framed numeral with St. Petersburg double ring adjacent. Lovely item of stationery addressed to Norway.

Italy. (Spain). 1760. Pre-stamp folded letter written from Genoa dated '19th May 1760' addressed to Cadiz, rated with hand-struck '6. R.' on face in black. Lovey item sent by Sea Mail with fine example of very early rate mark.

Ex Professor David Stirrups.

Spain. 1894. Mourning envelope addressed to France bearing Yvert 200, 10c brown and Yvert 202, 15c violet tied by 'Gerona' in blue with 'Bordeaux a Paris' ambulant '5th Juil 94' on face. Very fine.

Spain. (British Consular Mail). 1852. Stamp-less folded letter written from Cadiz dated '17th Feb 1852' addressed to Porto cancelled by circular 'B.C. Cadiz' (with fleuron) (Van der Linden 522B), sent by British Packet with framed 'P. Brit' in blue on face, routed via Lisbon, charged with hands-struck '120' and m/s 40 = 160' with oval postage due 'Ley de 20/4 50/5 Rs.' in red with boxed Porto receiver '24/2' on reverse. Very fine.

Morocco. (German Post Office). 1900. Advertising envelope headed 'Pablo Gagel/ Proprietaire de Vignobles/ Malaga' addressed to Isere, France bearing German Maroc Yvert 2, 5c on 5p green tied by Tanger (Maroc) / Deutsche Postes' date stamp.

Lovely item of Advertising mail (Vineyard) from the German Post Office in Morocco paying the un-opened printed matter rate.

Spain. (Sweden). 1857. Stamp-less folded envelope written from Malaga dated '4th Feb 1857' addressed to Stockholm with Malaga double ring in blue, rated '1 ry 24g' in black ink with framed 'Spanien' in red on face, with 'Verviers/ 13. 2. / Coeln' ambulant hand-stamp in red on reverse with Hamburg transit and 'K.D.O.P.A./ Hamburg' dated '14/2' and double ring 'K.S. & N.P.A. Hamburg' and charged '11' in blue ink (silber groschen) charge to Prussia with m/s '8' on reverse.

Fine item with Koniglich Danisches Ober Post Amt. (Van der Linden 1845) and Hamburg Bureau Suedois, Koniglich Schwedisches & Norwegisches Post Amb. (Van der Linden 1853) on reverse.

Portuguese Colonies. (Lourenco Marques). 1916. Registered envelope written from the 'Banco Nacional Ultramarino/ Filial de Lourenco Marques' (imprint on reverse), addressed to France bearing Lourenco Marques "Republica' SG 113, 10c on 100r bistre tied by octagonal Lourenco Marques/ Central date stamp '16th March 1916' with matching registration label and Bordeaux arrival on reverse. Very fine.

Portugal. (French Military Mission). 1917. Registered envelope addressed to France bearing Yvert 215, 10c red-brown and Yvert 235, 5c bistre tied by Lisboa date stamp with framed hand-struck 'Registered' with oval 'Censure/ No 69' and hand-stamped 'Mission Francaise/ Des Munitions/ en Portugal' in violet on face with arrival on reverse. Very scarce item from the French Ammunitions Detachment in Portugal World War One.

Malta. (Portugal). 1926. Malta postal stationery card 'one penny' red cancelled by Valletta/ Malta double ring 'Jan 13 26', addressed to Portugal, underpaid with circular 'T/ Centimes 10' hand-stamp and bearing Portugal postage due SG D588, 40c olive tied by oval LIsboa Central receiver. Lovely item of underpaid mail from Malta.

Portuguese Colonies. (Lourenco Marques - Boer War). 1899. Envelope addressed to Johannesburg bearing Lourenco Marques Yvert 32, 2 1/2r grey (pair), Yvert 33, 5r orange (3), Yvert 34, 10r green and Yvert 36, 20r violet tied by Lourenco Marques date stamp '22nd Nov 99' with 'Postdepartment, Z.A. Republiek/ Geopend onder Kriigswet' pink label with Pretoria transit and Johannesburg arrival '24th Nov' on reverse. Attractive item of incoming Boer War mail.

Portuguese Colonies. (Lourenco Marques). 1919. Avis de Reception document headed 'Administration des Postes et des Telegraphes de la Colonie Portugaise/ De Mocambique' bearing Lourenco Marques Yvert 122, 2 1/2r violet tied by octagonal Inhambane/ Central date stamp '5th April 19'. Scarce Avis de Reception form from Mozambique.

United States. (France - USA Midwinter Fair). 1903. Illustrated postal stationery envelope 'two cents' violet from the 'California Midwinter International Exposition' cancelled by San Francisco duplex 'Aug 23 03' addressed to France with Mont-a-Ma-Mousson arrival '11th Sept' on reverse. Attractive item sent Trans-Atlantic mail to an overseas destination.

Gibraltar. (United States). 1848. Stamp-less folded letter written from Gibraltar dated '24th April 1848' addressed to Boston, endorsed 'Per "Constantine", routed via New York with circular 'New York Ship/ 7 Cts' in red on face. Nice item of Trans-Atlantic mail paying the Five cents incoming Ship Letter charge and two cents inland fee to Boston.

United States. (Switzerland). 1866. Stamp-less folded letter written from the 'Swiss Consulate, New York' (circular blue cachet on reverse) addressed to Switzerland cancelled by New York / 3 date stamp '9th June', endorsed 'Per Steamer "Africa"/ French Mail' with boxed French accountancy 'F/ 30' (Van der Linden 1163) and French entry cachet in red '2nd Juil' on face and rated '110' in m/s red crayon with 'Ambulant Circular Berne No 3' on reverse (struck twice) and Fribourg arrival. Very nice item of Trans-Atlantic mail with French accountancy.

United States. (South West Africa). 1942. Air Mail envelope from the 'Merican Persian (Meshed) Fur Co. New York' addressed to Windhoek, South West Africa bearing United States 'Prexie' SG 821. 20c emerald green and SG 827, 50c bright purple tied by New York slogan 'Oct 2nd 1942' with 'Examined By/ 4832' censor tape with circular 'Released/ D' censor in carmine on face anointed 'Rec 12/11/42' the date of arrival.

Lovely item carried over the Atlantic and Tran-Africa route with scarce Windhoek, South West Africa censor rated ten points by John Little.

United States. (Canal Zone). 1926. Picture post card of 'South Approach wall to Gataun Locks, Panama Canal' addressed to France bearing Canal Zone Yvert 65, 2c rose tied by Ancon/ Canal Zone roller, underpaid with circular 'T' and bearing French postage dues Yvert 33, 30c carmine (4) tied by Marne date stamp.

United States. (France). 1877. Envelope addressed to France bearing SG 161, 6c rose tied by cork cancel with adjacent Boston/ Paid date stamp in red 'Dec 19', French entry cachet in blue and forwarded from Paris to Boulogne Sur Mer. Very fine.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1946. Great Britain 'Air Letter' headed 'On Active Service' written from 'Polish Forces C.M.F. Nr 302' (Polish Camp, Amesbury Abbey, Amesbury, Wiltshire), bearing SG 490, 3d pale violet tied by 'Poczta Polowa/ 113' double ring dated '5th July 45' addressed to 'Szafranek Halina, St. Joseph's Convent, Panchgani, via Poona, India' with arrival in Panchgani double ring '16th Jly 46' on reverse.

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Baldry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade. Some children were moved to Panchgani (where they were taken in by the nuns of St. Joseph's Convent).

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzebekistan.

Mail from or into the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orphans and the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1943. Envelope from 'Polish Refugee's Camp/ Country Club, Karachi - Sind, India' headed 'On Active Service' hand-stamped with double ring circular 'War Relief Services/ N.C.W.C.' in blue (National Catholic Welfare Conference) addressed to 'Liet Kostecki Edward, P/ 107' Polish Forces, British Liberation Army', endorsed 'written in Polish' with 'Polish Refugee's Camp/ Country Club/ Karachi - Sind/ India' hand-stamp in blue on face and signed by the Commander, bearing India SG 273, 4a brown (pair) tied by Karachi double ring with re-sealing label 'P.C. 90/ Opened by Examiner' tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed DHB/ 14' on face with 'DHB/ 137' hand-stamp in violet on reverse applied in Karachi.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

An estimated 5000 women and children made the perilous journey south via Iran, Syra and Palestine to India. The Maharaja of Nawanagar established a camp for between 500 and 1000 women and children many of whom were orphans at Balachadi (Bandry Camp).

The Country Club, Transit Camp, Karachi. More than 25,000 Poles passed through this holding camp on their way to India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand. Mail however is almost impossible to find as most children were orphans and the women widows.

A unique item from the Polish Refugee's Holding Camp, Karachi Country Club, this hand-stamp not seen before.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1944. Envelope written from 'Zopia Kuek, Polish Refugee, Camp Valivade, Kolhapur, India' addressed to North America bearing India SG 269c, 1 1/2a dull violet and SG 271, 3a bright violet tied by 'Experimental P.O.' double ring '3rd Oct 44,' with 'Opened by Examiner' label tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed DHC/ 66' on reverse with 'DHC/ 318' hand-stamp in violet on face.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Bandry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.
Mail from the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most children were orphans and the women orphans.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1944. Great Britain 'Registered Letter' postal stationery envelope 'three pence' green addressed to 'Szpitun Sarafina, Polish Refugee, Camp Valivade, Kolhapur, India' cancelled by 'Poczta Polowa/ 124' double ring '11th May 44' with framed hand-struck 'R/ Poczta Polowa/ No 39' and circular 'Ocenzurowano/ Examined By Censor/ 112' in violet with Gkdwna Poczta Polowa double ring on reverse '18/5', routed via Egypt with 'Base Army Post Office' dated '18th May' on face and small Egyptian censorship with Suez transit '19/5' on reverse, hand-stamped 'DHC/ 463' (Bombay) in violet and octagonal 'C/ 13' applied in Calcutta with double ring 'Experimental P.O./ B - 559' on reverse dated '20th July 44.'

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the camp in Bandry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Mail from or into the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orpans and the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1944. Envelope written from 'Zopia Kurek, Polish Refugee, Camp Valivade, Kolhapur, India' addressed to North America bearing India SG 272, 3 1/2a blue tied by Experimental P.O. double ring '19th Mar 44' with 'Opened by Examiner' label tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed DHC/ 3' on reverse with 'DHC/ 451' hand-stamp in violet on face.

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Bandry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Mail from the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most children were orphans and the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1946. Great Britain postal stationery 'Letter Form' headed 'Navy Army & Air Force Institutes' written from (Polish Camp, Amesbury Abbey, Wiltshire), bearing SG 469, 5d brown and SG 486, 1d pale red tied by 'Bulford Salisbury' roller dated '20th Dec 1946' addressed to 'Szafranck Helena, Polish Refugee Camp, Valivade, Kolhapur, India' with Experimental P.O. double ring arrival'28/12/46' on reverse.

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Bandry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. Ayear later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Mail from or into the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orphans and the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1944. Envelope written from (Polish Refugee), Indie, Kolhapur' addressed to London bearing India SG 277, 14a purple tied by 'Experimental P.O.' double ring '6th Sept 44', with 'P.C. 90/ Opened by Examiner' label tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed DHC/ 66' on reverse with 'DHC/ 458' hand-stamp in violet on face.

When Soviet Forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

An estimated 5000 women and children were placed in the settlement at Valivade near Kolhapur.

Mail from the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most children were orphans and the women widows.

Pakistan. (Polish Refugees in India - Pakistan). 1943. Air Mail envelope written from 'Polish Refugee Camp, Karachi, Pakistan' addressed to 'Jeruzalem, Paleztyne, P.O. Box 260' bearing India SG 269b, 1 1/2a purple tied by Experimental double ring, endorsed 'By Air Mail' with re-sealing label 'P.C. 90/ Opened By Examiner' tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed/ DHB/ 14' on face with 'DHB/ 137' hand-stamp in violet applied in Karachi on face.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

An estimated 5000 women and children made the perilous journey south via Iran, Syria and Palestine via Pakistan to India. The Maharaja of Nawanagar established a cam for between 500 and 1000 women and children many of whom were orphans at Balachadi (Bandry Camp).

The Country Club, Transit Camp, Karachi, more than 25,000 Poles escaping persecution passed through this holding camp on their way to India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand. Mail however is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orphans and the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in Iran and India). 1944. Registered Air Mail envelope (with seven page letter) from a Polish Refugee in Ahvaz, Iran addressed to 'Joseph Dasil, "Country Club", Polish Refugee Camp, Karachi, India' cancelled by framed 'R/ Tehran/ No (7688) with boxed bilingual 'Poste Aero' with Arabic censor tape reading 'Opened by Censorship Authority' (carmine on white) tied by 'Anglo - Soviete - Persian - Censorship/ 18' (Russian Section, circular device) and 'Anglo - Soviete - Persian - Censoeship/ 32' (British Section) on reverse, routed via Iraq with Basrah transit '9th Nov' with circular '16' censor hand-stamp in violet, forwarded from Karachi (Polish Refugee Camp) to 'c/o Jewish Agency, Bombay' with 'Opened By Examiner/ P.C. 90' label tied by framed 'Crown/ Passed DHP/ 22' censor on reverse and hand-stamp 'DHP/ 88' in violet on face (applied in Karachi) and re-directed to 'P.O. Box 92, Jerusalem, Palestine' with oval 'Jaffa - Registered' and date stamp on reverse '22nd Dec 1944.'

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Bandry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia. The Polish Government in exile in London was granted amnesty for the Prisoners to make the long treks from the Gulag camps through Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Many having recuperated began epic journeys via Palestine to Karachi, India and Africa.

Mail from or into the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orphans the the women widows.

India. (Polish Refugees in India). 1946. Air Mail envelope (with letter) addressed to 'Rolezewska Jadwign, Valivade, Kolhapur, Polish Refugee Camp, India' bearing Great Britain SG 414, 10d turquoise tied by 'Poczta Polowa/ 123' double ring '26th March 46' with framed 'By Air Mail/ Poczta Lotnicza' in violet on face and part Experimental P.O. arrival on reverse.

The children on arrival in India had been placed at the Camp in Baldry, this lasted four months. The Maharaja of Nawanagar placed 500 children in an orphanage in the town of Balachadi. A year later a permanent camp was established at Valivade, Kolhapur for women and children.

When Soviet forces entered Poland an estimated one million Poles were deported to Labour Camp Gulags in Siberia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Mail from or into the Polish Refugee's is almost impossible to find as most of the children were orphans and the women widows.